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Volume 3, Number 2


The State of
the Internet
2nd Quarter, 2010 Report
Get the most out of the
              State of the Internet
                    www.akamai.com/stateoftheinternet




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   archived reports and webcasts                                     with real-time data visualizations
Executive Summary
Each quarter, Akamai publishes a “State of the Internet” report. This report
includes data gathered from across Akamai’s global server network about attack
traffic, broadband adoption, and mobile connectivity, as well as trends seen
in this data over time. Periodically, it also aggregates publicly available news
and information about notable events seen throughout the quarter, including
Denial of Service attacks, Web site hacks, and network events, including outages
and new connections.
During the second quarter of 2010, Akamai observed attack traffic originating from 200 unique countries/regions
around the world. The United States was the top attack traffic source, accounting for 11% of observed attack
traffic in total. China and Russia held the second and third place spots respectively, accounting for just over
20% of observed attack traffic. Attack traffic concentration was lower in the second quarter, with the top
10 ports seeing just over 86% of the observed attack traffic. Aggregated at a continental level, Europe continued
to be responsible for the highest percentage of attacks seen in the second quarter. Port 445 continued to be the
most highly targeted port for observed attacks, though attacks targeted at Port 23 (Telnet) and Port 22 (SSH) both
grew during the second quarter.

Akamai observed a 2.8% increase (from the first quarter of 2010) globally in the number of unique IP addresses
connecting to Akamai’s network, pushing past the 500 million mark for the first time. From a global connection
speed perspective, South Korea continued to have the highest level of “high broadband” (>5 Mbps) connectivity,
with 3 of every 4 connections to Akamai at speeds above 5 Mbps. South Korea also maintained the highest
average connection speed, at 17 Mbps (up from 12 Mbps in the first quarter), and recorded the highest average
peak6 connection speed, at 38 Mbps, where the per-IP address peak connection speed was averaged across the
IP addresses seen from each country. Cities in South Korea continued to hold many of the top spots in the rankings
of highest average and average peak connection speeds by city as well. In the United States, Delaware remained
in the top position, with 67% of connections to Akamai occurring at 5 Mbps or greater. Delaware also maintained
the highest average connection speed in the United States, though it declined to 7.2 Mbps, and once again re-
corded the highest average peak connection speed across the United States, at 24 Mbps. Monterey Park, CA was
the United States city with the highest average connection speed (6.9 Mbps) and highest average peak connection
speed (26 Mbps).

Second quarter attack traffic from known mobile networks was more concentrated than overall observed attack
traffic, with half of the observed mobile attacks coming from just the top three countries. Ports targeted by mobile
attack traffic were similar to the overall port list, though a higher percentage of attacks targeting Port 445 were
observed when looking at just known mobile networks. In the second quarter of 2010, average measured
connection speeds on mobile network providers around the world ranged from 6.1 Mbps down to 115 Kbps
– once again, both were observed on mobile providers in Slovakia. Of the 109 mobile network providers listed
in the report, 95 saw average connection speeds increase in the second quarter. Average peak connection speeds
on mobile providers around the world ranged from over 20 Mbps down to just over 700 Kbps. In reviewing content
consumption metrics, we found that the amount of content downloaded from Akamai per month per unique
IP address showed quarterly growth in 71 of 109 providers, and yearly growth in 85 of those providers.
Table of Contents
    IntroductIon	                                                               5
    SectIon	2:	SecurIty	                                                        6
    2.1 Attack Traffic, Top Originating Countries                               6
    2.2 Attack Traffic, Top Ports                                               7
    SectIon	3:	Internet	PenetratIon	                                            8
    SectIon	4:	GeoGraPhy– Global	                                               9
    4.1 Global Average Connection Speeds                                        10
    4.2 Global Average Connection Speeds, City View                             11
    4.3 Global Average Peak Connection Speeds                                   13
    4.4 Global Average Peak Connection Speeds, City View                        14
    4.5 Global High Broadband Connectivity                                      16
    4.6 Global Broadband Connectivity                                           17
    4.7 Global Narrowband Connectivity                                          18
    SectIon	5:	GeoGraPhy– unIted	StateS	                                        19
    5.1 United States Average Connection Speeds                                 19
    5.2 United States Average Connection Speeds, City View                      20
    5.3 United States Average Peak Connection Speeds                            20
    5.4 United States Average Peak Connection Speeds, City View                 21
    5.5 United States High Broadband Connectivity                               22
    5.6 United States Broadband Connectivity                                    23
    5.7 United States Narrowband Connectivity                                   24
    SectIon	6:	MobIle	                                                          25
    6.1 Attack Traffic, Top Originating Countries                               25
    6.2 Attack Traffic, Top Ports                                               26
    6.3 Mobile Connection Speeds & Data Consumption                             27
    SectIon	7:	aPPendIx	                                                        30
    SectIon	8:	endnoteS	                                                        31




4                        © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Introduction
Akamai’s globally distributed network of servers allows us to gather massive
amounts of information on many metrics, including connection speeds, attack
traffic, and network connectivity/availability/latency problems, as well as traffic
patterns on leading Web sites.
In the second quarter of 2010, observed attack traffic continued to target a relatively consistent set of ports,
and attacks targeting port 445 continued to be responsible for a significant percentage of the observed attacks,
both overall, and for attacks observed to be originating in known mobile networks. The United States was the top
source of observed attack traffic, followed closely by China – in aggregate, the two countries were responsible
for 22% of observed attack traffic, with the balance originating in a long tail of 198 additional countries/regions.
Aggregated at a continental level, Europe was responsible for the highest percentage of observed attacks.

Quarterly growth in the global observed unique IP count continued, up almost 3% from the prior quarter,
with over 500 million unique IP addresses making requests to Akamai in the second quarter. Quarterly trending
in global average connection speeds was mixed during the second quarter, though quarterly trending in average
peak6 connection speeds was generally positive. The overall global trends for high broadband adoption were
generally positive as well, with 1.6x as many countries showing quarterly gains as losses, and 1.7x as many countries
showing yearly gains as losses. In looking at broadband adoption levels in the second quarter, 55 countries/regions
had broadband adoption levels in excess of 50% -- up from 50 in the prior quarter, and 41 a year earlier. Rates
of narrowband adoption were generally lower around the world, with less than five percent of connections
to Akamai overall at speeds below 256 Kbps in the second quarter.

In the United States, Delaware continued to maintain its position as the state with the strongest connection speed
metrics, placing first for average connection speed (7.2 Mbps) and average peak connection speed (24 Mbps),
as well as high broadband (67%) and broadband (98%) adoption.

In response to the growing amount of Internet content being accessed through mobile devices such as smartphones
and laptops equipped with mobile broadband connection technologies, and also in response to multiple inquiries
for such data, Akamai continues to publish insights into metrics collected from connections to Akamai that have
been identified as coming from networks associated with mobile providers. Second quarter attack traffic from
known mobile networks was more concentrated than overall observed attack traffic, with half of the observed
mobile attacks coming from just the top three countries. Ports targeted by mobile attack traffic were similar
to the overall port list, though a higher percentage of attacks targeting Port 445 were observed when looking
at just known mobile networks. During the second quarter of 2010, average measured connection speeds on
mobile network providers around the world ranged from 6.1 Mbps, down to 115 Kbps – both were observed
on mobile providers in Slovakia. Average peak connection speeds on mobile providers around the world ranged
from over 20 Mbps down to just over 700 Kbps. Consumption of content from Akamai ranged from close
to 15 GB per unique IP per month down to just 14 MB per unique IP per month, nearly a 1000x difference.




                                          © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved                          5
SECTION 2:
Security

Akamai maintains a distributed set of agents deployed across the Internet that
serve to monitor attack traffic. Based on the data collected by these agents, Akamai
is able to identify the top countries from which attack traffic originates, as well as
the top ports targeted by these attacks. (Ports are network layer protocol identifiers.)
This section provides insight into Internet attack traffic, as observed and measured
by Akamai, during the second quarter of 2010.
2.1 Attack Traffic, Top Originating Countries                                      geographies saw corresponding increases. Aggregating this
During the second quarter of 2010, Akamai observed                                 data over the last two years, as shown in Figure 2, illustrates
attack traffic originating from 200 unique countries/                              some interesting trends. Except for Africa, all of the conti-
regions, up two from the prior quarter. After three                                nents within the graph saw their most significant changes
consecutive quarters topping the list, Russia fell to third                        occur in the Q2-Q3 2009 time period. This may be related
place, generating only 10% of observed attack traffic                              to the rise of the Conficker family of worms – their growth
in the second quarter. As shown in Figure 1, the United                            in activity was covered in depth in 2009 editions of the
States and China moved up to top the list, with both                               State of the Internet report series. Africa’s consistently low
countries originating 11% of observed attack traffic                               contribution to the overall set of observed attacks is of little
in the second quarter. Taiwan, Brazil, Italy, Germany,                             surprise, given the generally poor state of Internet connec-
Romania, and Japan held steady from quarter-to-                                    tivity in most countries on the African continent. (However,
quarter, maintaining their placement on the top 10                                 it is worth noting that observed attack traffic from Africa
list, while Turkey replaces Poland in 10th place. Attack                           more than doubled to 2% from the first quarter to the
concentration among the top 10 countries continued                                 second quarter of 2010.) During the Q2-Q3 2009 “inflection
to decline, dropping to 58% in the second quarter.                                 quarter,” Europe’s contribution nearly doubled, while the
                                                                                   percentage of attacks observed from the Asia Pacific region
Once again aggregating the observed attack traffic at a
                                                                                   declined by nearly 40%. Similar changes were seen within
continental level, we find that the percentage of attacks
                                                                                   the Americas, where South America’s percentage more
that Europe was responsible for dropped approximately
                                                                                   than doubled during that quarter, while North America’s
11% in the second quarter to 39%, while all of the other
                                                                                   contribution dropped by half.


            Country/Region             % Traffic            Q1 ‘10 %                                        7   8    10
       1    United States               11%                    10%
       2    China                       11%                   9.1%
       3    Russia                      10%                  12.0%
                                                                                                            6                  3
       4    Taiwan                      6.0%                  6.1%
       5    Brazil                      6.0%                  6.0%                                                                      9
       6    Italy                       3.0%                  4.4%                                                              2
                                                                                           1
       7    Germany                     3.0%                  3.9%                                                                          4
       8    Romania                     3.0%                  3.2%                                          5
       9    Japan                       3.0%                  2.9%
       10   Turkey                      3.0%                  1.5%
       –    Other                        42%                   39%

    Figure 1: Attack Traffic, Top Originating Countries/Regions




6                                                    © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
60%
    % of Observed Attacks




                              50%                                                                                                                                       Europe

                              40%                                                                                                                                       Asia Pacific

                              30%                                                                                                                                       North America

                              20%                                                                                                                                       South America

                              10%                                                                                                                                       Africa

                               0%
                                      Q2 08         Q3 08           Q4 08         Q1 09          Q2 09         Q3 09          Q4 09       Q1 10        Q2 10

   Figure 2: Historical Observed Attack Traffic, Aggregated by Region


2.2 Attack Traffic, Top Ports                                                                             perspective, the number of actual observed attacks actually
Attack traffic concentration among the top 10 targeted                                                    increased. Similar to the growth in Telnet-targeted attacks
ports declined significantly quarter-over-quarter, with the                                               noted above, this increase is in line with an increase noted2
top 10 ports responsible for just under 87% of observed                                                   by others, who reported that SSH brute-force login attempts
attacks (down from just under 95% in the first quarter of                                                 appeared to be on the rise again in the second quarter.
2010). Port 445 continued to be the most targeted port,
                                                                                                          In the second quarter, Port 1080 (SOCKS Proxy) was forced
though attack traffic to it declined approximately 12%
                                                                                                          from the top 10 list, replaced by newcomer Port 3389 (Mi-
from the first quarter of 2010. We will continue to watch
                                                                                                          crosoft Terminal Services). In looking at the port distribution
this metric going forward to determine if attacks targeted
                                                                                                          among the top 10 countries, it is interesting to note that
at Port 445 are truly declining, or if this was simply a one
                                                                                                          Port 23 was among the top five targeted ports in Brazil,
quarter anomaly. The growth in attacks targeted at Port
                                                                                                          Italy, Russia, and Turkey – in Turkey, it was even responsible
23 (Telnet) may be related to similar observations1 made by
                                                                                                          for nearly 2.5x the attacks targeted at Port 445. That port
others, who noted an increase in unsolicited connections
                                                                                                          continued to be, far and away, the most targeted port in
to that port that completed the three-way handshake and
                                                                                                          the other countries among the top 10, responsible for any-
then were closed. While traffic targeted at Port 22 (SSH)
                                                                                                          where from 1.1x to 64x the number of attacks as the next
declined slightly from the first quarter from a percentage
                                                                                                          most targeted port (in China and Romania respectively.)

                                                                                                           Remote Administrator 1.2%                 WWW 1.1%
                            Port      Port Use                        % Traffic       Q1 ‘10 %           Microsoft SQL Server 1.2%                     VNC Server 0.7%
                            445       Microsoft-DS                       62%              74%                     NetBIOS 1.9%                           Microsoft Terminal Services 0.4%
                            23        Telnet                            9.2%              2.5%           Microsoft-RPC 3.0%
                                                                                                                                           Other
                            22        SSH                               6.1%              6.3%                                             5.6%          Other
                            135       Microsoft-RPC                     3.0%              2.5%                                                           13.6%
                                                                                                                                  SSH
                            139       NetBIOS                           1.9%              3.2%                                   6.1%
                            1433      Microsoft SQL Server              1.2%              1.1%
                            4899      Remote Administrator              1.2%              1.5%                              Telnet
                            80        WWW                               1.1%              1.7%                              9.2%
                                                                                                                          SSH 6.3%
                            5900      VNC Server                        0.7%              0.9%
                            3389      Microsoft Terminal Services       0.4%              0.3%
                            Various   Other                            13.6%                 –
                                                                                                                                                   Microsoft-DS
    Figure 3: Attack Traffic, Top Ports                                                                                                               62%




                                                                                   © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved                                                     7
SECTION 3:
Internet Penetration

Through a globally-deployed server network, and by virtue of the billions of requests
for Web content that it services on a daily basis, Akamai has unique visibility into the
levels of Internet penetration around the world. In the second quarter of 2010, over
500 million unique IP addresses, from 236 countries/regions, connected to the Akamai
network – 2.8% more IP addresses than in the first quarter of 2010, and 18% more
than in the same quarter a year ago. Although we see approximately 500 million unique
IP addresses, Akamai believes that it sees well over one billion Web users. This is because,
in some cases, multiple individuals may be represented by a single IP address (or small
number of IP addresses), as they access the World Wide Web through a firewall or proxy
server. Conversely, individual users can have multiple unique IP addresses associated
with them, due to their use of handheld devices, personal/home computers, business
computers, Internet-connected video/gaming systems, etc.
As shown in Figure 4, the top 10 countries remained the                          Globally, 59 countries/regions saw a quarterly decline in IP
same quarter-over-quarter, though Brazil and Canada                              address counts in the second quarter, although just over a
exchanged places, with Brazil slowly climbing the list over                      third of those were places where Akamai observed just tens
the past several quarters. While the last several State of                       or hundreds of IP addresses. Concentration among the top
the Internet reports have noted that the United States                           ten remained fairly consistent as well, accounting for ap-
and Canada have accounted for approximately 40% of                               proximately 70% of the observed IP addresses. In looking at
the observed IP addresses, it appears that growth in these                       the “long tail,” there were 186 countries/regions with fewer
two countries may be slowing, relative to other countries                        than one million unique IP addresses connecting to Akamai
around the world, as they accounted for a combined                               in the second quarter of 2010, 139 with fewer than 100,000
38% of the observed IP addresses in the second quarter.                          unique IP addresses, and 34 with fewer than 1,000 unique
Two of the top ten countries (the United Kingdom and                             IP addresses. The country counts for the one million and
Canada) showed quarterly declines, though each were                              one thousand unique IP address thresholds were up slightly
less than one percent, while the remaining eight coun-                           quarter-over-quarter, while the 100,000 address threshold
tries showed modest quarterly increases.                                         lost only a single country.


           Country/Region   Q2 ‘10 Unique     QoQ               YoY
                            IP Addresses     Change            Change                                     6        4
      –    Global           501,047,374        2.8%              18%
      1    United States    131,397,342        1.6%              15%
                                                                                                          5
      2    China             60,042,886        4.0%              30%
      3    Japan             34,833,550        4.9%              14%
      4    Germany           31,220,592        0.7%             6.9%                   9                      10                   7
      5    France            22,740,013        1.2%              13%                                                      2
                                                                                         1                                         3
      6    United Kingdom    20,042,782       -0.4%             6.6%
      7    South Korea       16,795,947        0.5%              15%                                      8
      8    Brazil            12,003,674        5.5%              19%
      9    Canada            11,644,413       -0.7%             8.1%
      10   Spain             11,444,687        2.0%              13%

    Figure 4: Unique IP Addresses Seen By Akamai




8                                                  © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
SECTION 4:
Geography– Global

By virtue of the hundreds of billions of requests for Web content that it services
on a daily basis through its globally-deployed server network, Akamai has a unique
level of visibility into the connection speeds of end-user systems and, consequently,
of broadband adoption around the globe. Because Akamai has implemented
a distributed network model, deploying servers within edge networks, it can
deliver content more reliably and more consistently at those speeds, in contrast
to centralized competitors that rely on fewer deployments in large data centers. For
more information on why this is possible, please see Akamai’s How Will The Internet
Scale? White Paper3 or the video explanation at www.akamai.com/whytheedge.
The data presented within this section was collected                  of 50% and a Q2 value of 51% would be reflected here
during the second quarter of 2010 through Akamai’s                    as a 2% change.) A quarter-over-quarter change is shown
globally-deployed server network and includes all                     within the tables in several sections below in an effort
countries/regions that had more than 1,000 unique                     to highlight general trends, and year-over-year changes
IP addresses make requests to Akamai’s network during                 are shown to illustrate longer-term trends.
the second quarter. For the purposes of classification in
                                                                      As the quantity of HD-quality media increases over time,
this report, the “broadband” data included below is for
                                                                      and the consumption of that media increases, end users
connections greater than 2 Mbps, and “high broadband”
                                                                      are likely to require ever-increasing amounts of bandwidth.
is for connections of 5 Mbps or greater. (In July 2010,
                                                                      A connection speed of 2 Mbps is arguably sufficient for
the United States Federal Communications Commission
                                                                      standard definition TV-quality video content, and 5 Mbps
(FCC) revised its working definition of broadband from
                                                                      for standard-definition DVD quality video content, while
services in “excess of 200 kilobits per second (kbps)
                                                                      Blu-Ray (1080p) video content has a maximum video bit
in both directions” – a standard adopted over a decade
                                                                      rate of 40 Mbps, according to the Blu-Ray FAQ.5 In addition
ago in the 1999 First Broadband Deployment Report
                                                                      to average connection speeds, we continue to report
– to “service offering actual download (i.e., to the
                                                                      average peak6 connection speeds (formerly referred to
customer) speeds of at least 4 Mbps”.4 While we have
                                                                      as “average maximum” connection speeds) around the
not adopted this revised definition of broadband for
                                                                      world, from a country/region, state, and city perspective.
this edition of the State of the Internet report, we may
                                                                      This metric can provide insight into the peak speeds that
consider aligning our definition of broadband with the
                                                                      users can likely expect from their Internet connections.
FCC’s in future editions of the report.) In contrast to
the “high broadband” and “broadband” classifications,                 Finally, as was done last quarter as well, traffic from known
the “narrowband” data included below is for connections               mobile network providers will be analyzed and reviewed
to Akamai slower than 256 Kbps. Note that the percent-                in a separate section of the report; mobile network data
age changes reflected below are not additive – they                   has been removed from the data set used to calculate
are relative to the prior quarter(s). (That is, a Q1 value            the metrics reported in the present section.




                                               © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved                                   9
SECTION 4:
Geography– Global (continued)

4.1 Global Average Connection Speeds                                            With traffic from known mobile networks now removed
Globally, average connection speeds appeared to                                 from the data set, it is not immediately clear what is causing
rebound from the first quarter decline, increasing on                           these observed declines in average connection speeds. The
both a quarterly and a yearly basis. In addition, as shown                      base data set may still include usage from mobile networks
in Figure 5, South Korea posted a significant growth                            not yet identified, or from network providers that are mixing
in the second quarter, on both a quarterly and a yearly                         mobile and fixed network traffic on a single autonomous
basis as well. (Removal of additional mobile network                            system. Or, it may point to higher usage of network-reliant
traffic from South Korea’s data set may have influenced                         applications and devices that are consuming some amount
these figures.) Among the remainder of the top 10, five                         of network bandwidth in communicating with non-
other countries/regions saw their average connection                            Akamai systems.
speeds decline in second quarter, though three of them
                                                                                During the second quarter, 92 countries had average
exhibited positive long-term trends, with strong year-
                                                                                connection speeds below 1 Mbps, four fewer than the prior
over-year growth percentages. The quarterly declines
                                                                                quarter. Akamai measured average connection speeds below
seen across those five countries/regions, along with the
                                                                                100 Kbps in only three countries (Cuba, Tonga, and Mayotte)
United States, were fairly modest, and are not considered
                                                                                in the second quarter – down from five in the first quarter,
to be out of line with short-term fluctuations seen
                                                                                but consistent with the fourth quarter of 2009. (Note that
in the past. The ongoing observed decline in Sweden’s
                                                                                the slowest countries often have the smallest number of
average connection speed is of some concern, given
                                                                                unique IP addresses connecting to Akamai, so it may be the
the size of the decline over the last two quarters, and
                                                                                case that a few more countries fell below that 1000 unique
especially given the efforts to deploy high-speed
                                                                                IP address threshold than in the first quarter.) Mayotte con-
connectivity across the country.7
                                                                                tinued to be the country with the lowest average connection
                                                                                speed, remaining consistent at 40 Kbps.


            Country/Region   Q2 ‘10 Avg. Mbps QoQ Change YoY Change                                      10           6
       –    Global                1.8           3.8%           6.1%
                                                                                                                  7
       1    South Korea            17            38%            47%
                                                                                                         5            4
       2    Hong Kong             8.6          -4.9%            23%
       3    Japan                 8.0           2.1%           9.9%                                                                  1
       4    Romania               6.8           7.4%           8.4%                                           9
       5    Netherlands           6.5           8.5%            22%                                                                  3
       6    Latvia                6.3          -1.0%            24%                    16
                                                                                                              8
       7    Sweden                5.5           -11%          -7.7%                                                                      2
       8    Czech Republic        5.3          -2.9%          -0.7%
       9    Belgium               5.3            10%            11%
       10   Denmark               5.2          -2.8%            11%
       …
       16   United States         4.6          -1.8%           1.8%

     Figure 5: Average Measured Connection Speed by Country/Region




10                                                © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
4.2 Global Average Connection Speeds,                                   fell just short, missing the 10 Mbps threshold by just
City View                                                               under 1 Kbps. Umea, Sweden, had an average connection
As we have done in the past three editions of the                       speed of 10.3 Mbps, up from 9.8 Mbps in the first quar-
State of the Internet report, we again examine average                  ter. In North America, the fastest city was Victoria, British
measured connection speeds at a city level. As we did                   Columbia at 7.2 Mbps, down from 7.8 Mbps in the first
in the first quarter, we have applied “filters” for unique              quarter. In the United States, Monterey Park, CA remained
IP address count (50,000 or more seen by Akamai in the                  the fastest city, with an average connection speed of
second quarter) and academic institutions (removing data                6.9 Mbps, down from 7.2 Mbps in the first quarter.
from known academic networks). In addition, as with
                                                                        Cities in Asia continued to dominate the top 100 list,
the other data sets used in Section 4 of this report, traffic
                                                                        accounting for three quarters of the top 100, as shown
from known mobile networks has been removed as well.
                                                                        in Figure 6. This included 62 cities in Japan, and 12 cities
Once again, Masan, South Korea held the title as the                    in South Korea, and Hong Kong. Europe accounted for
city with the fastest average connection speed. Masan’s                 15 cities across eight countries, with Romania ranking
average speed increased by more than 5 Mbps quarter-                    highest with five cities in the top 100. North America
over-quarter, making it the only city in the world with an              accounted for the final ten, with two in Canada and
average connection speed higher than 20 Mbps. Twenty                    the remaining eight in the United States. The span of
other cities, however, achieved average connection speeds               average connection speeds grew in the second quarter
in excess of 10 Mbps. These cities were mostly in South                 as well, from 9.5 Mbps separating the first and hundredth
Korea and Japan, though Europe’s fastest city (Umea,                    city in the first quarter to just over 14.7 Mbps separating
Sweden) was in that group as well. Yokohama, Japan                      Masan, South Korea and Riga, Latvia in the second quarter.




   Cities in Asia dominate the Global Average Connection Speeds top 100 list, with
   62 located in Japan, 12 more in South Korea, and Hong Kong. Ten cities from
   North America made it into the top 100, along with 15 cities in Europe.




                                                 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved                                  11
SECTION 4:
Geography– Global (continued)


            Country/Region      City                 Q2 ‘10 Avg. Mbps                          Country/Region   City                Q2 ‘10 Avg. Mbps
        1   South Korea         Masan                       20.9                        51     Hong Kong        Hong Kong                 8.0
        2   South Korea         Taegu                       19.5                        52     Japan            Tokyo                     7.9
        3   South Korea         Poryong                     18.9                        53     Japan            Niigata                   7.9
        4   South Korea         Seocho                      18.0                        54     Romania          Iasi                      7.9
        5   South Korea         Kimchon                     17.7                        55     Japan            Mito                      7.9
        6   South Korea         Milyang                     17.3                        56     Japan            Yamaguchi                 7.9
        7   South Korea         Ilsan                       17.1                        57     Japan            Kochi                     7.8
        8   South Korea         Seoul                       16.0                        58     Netherlands      Groningen                 7.8
        9   South Korea         Anyang                      15.3                        59     Japan            Kokuryo                   7.8
       10   South Korea         Suwon                       14.9                        60     Japan            Utsunomiya                7.7
       11   Japan               Shimotsuma                  12.2                        61     Germany          Baden-Baden               7.6
       12   Japan               Tokai                       12.2                        62     Japan            Yamagata                  7.6
       13   Japan               Kanagawa                    12.2                        63     Japan            Okayama                   7.5
       14   Japan               Usen                        11.8                        64     Japan            Kumamoto                  7.5
       15   South Korea         Inchon                      11.4                        65     Norway           Lyse                      7.5
       16   Japan               Asahi                       11.1                        66     Japan            Kagoshima                 7.4
       17   Japan               Urawa                       11.0                        67     Romania          Timisoara                 7.4
       18   Japan               Tochigi                     10.8                        68     Japan            Yosida                    7.4
       19   Japan               Hiroshima                   10.7                        69     Japan            Toyama                    7.3
       20   Sweden              Umea                        10.3                        70     Japan            Osaka                     7.3
       21   Japan               Shizuoka                    10.1                        71     Japan            Kofu                      7.2
       22   Japan               Yokohama                    10.0                        72     Canada           Victoria, BC              7.2
       23   Japan               Ibaraki                     10.0                        73     Japan            Miyazaki                  7.2
       24   Japan               Kyoto                        9.5                        74     Japan            Iwaki                     6.9
       25   Japan               Nagoya                       9.4                        75     Japan            Tottori                   6.9
       26   Japan               Gifu                         9.2                        76     United States    Monterey Park, CA         6.9
       27   Japan               Marunouchi                   9.2                        77     United States    Riverside, CA             6.8
       28   Japan               Kobe                         9.2                        78     Netherlands      Joure                     6.8
       29   Japan               Hyogo                        9.1                        79     Japan            Saga                      6.7
       30   Japan               Nara                         8.9                        80     Netherlands      Tilburg                   6.7
       31   Japan               Wakayama                     8.8                        81     Japan            Oita                      6.6
       32   Japan               Chiba                        8.8                        82     Japan            Nagasaki                  6.6
       33   Japan               Nagano                       8.7                        83     Portugal         Coimbra                   6.5
       34   Japan               Fukuoka                      8.7                        83     Japan            Naha                      6.5
       35   Japan               Hakodate                     8.6                        85     Canada           Kelowna, BC               6.5
       36   Japan               Yokkaichi                    8.6                        86     Japan            Otemachi                  6.5
       37   Japan               Sendai                       8.6                        87     Japan            Morioka                   6.5
       38   Japan               Niho                         8.5                        88     Japan            Okidate                   6.5
       39   Romania             Constanta                    8.5                        89     Japan            Akita                     6.4
       40   South Korea         Yongsan                      8.5                        90     United States    Union, NJ                 6.4
       41   Japan               Otsu                         8.4                        91     United States    Oakland, CA               6.4
       42   Japan               Hodogaya                     8.4                        92     Romania          Clujnapoca                6.3
       43   Japan               Matsuyama                    8.2                        93     Romania          Bucharest                 6.3
       44   Japan               Hamamatsu                    8.2                        94     United States    Fairfield, CA             6.3
       45   Switzerland         Geneva                       8.2                        95     United States    Walnut Creek, CA          6.2
       46   Japan               Soka                         8.1                        96     United States    Boston Metro, MA          6.2
       47   Japan               Tokushima                    8.1                        97     United States    Hayward, CA               6.2
       48   Japan               Kanazawa                     8.1                        98     Japan            Sapporo                   6.1
       49   Japan               Kagawa                       8.1                        99     Netherlands      Kamperland                6.1
       50   Japan               Fukui                        8.1                       100     Latvia           Riga                      6.1

     Figure 6: Average Measured Connection Speed, Top Global Cities


12                                                 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
4.3 Global Average Peak                                                     approximately 12,000 unique IPs connecting to Akamai in
Connection Speeds                                                           the second quarter, so that must be considered in compari-
The average peak connection speed metric represents                         son to other countries/regions in the top 10, most of whom
an average of the maximum measured connection                               had millions of unique IP addresses connecting to Akamai.
speeds across all of the unique IP addresses seen by
                                                                            Once again, Asia led this metric, with South Korea, Hong
Akamai from a particular geography. The average is
                                                                            Kong, and Japan taking the top three slots, with average
used in order to mitigate the impact of unrepresentative
                                                                            peak connection speeds in excess of 30 Mbps observed
maximum measured connection speeds. In contrast
                                                                            in South Korea and Hong Kong. European countries took
to the average measured connection speed, the average
                                                                            six of the seven remaining top 10 slots, with the United
peak connection speed metric is more representative
                                                                            States falling to 11th place (from 8th place in the first
of what many end-user Internet connections are capable
                                                                            quarter). Average peak connection speeds increased year-
of. (This includes the application of so-called speed
                                                                            over-year by at least double digit percentages globally, as
boosting technologies that may be implemented within
                                                                            well as across the top 10 countries and the United States.
the network by providers, in order to deliver faster
download speeds for some larger files.) Note that                           In looking at the average peak speed distribution around
data from known mobile networks has also been                               the world, only South Korea and Hong Kong exceeded
removed from the source data set for this metric.                           30 Mbps – it appears that the aggressive pricing for
                                                                            100 Mbps and 1 Gbps connections in Hong Kong8 may
As shown in Figure 7, average peak connection speeds
                                                                            be seeing commercial success. Four more countries/regions
demonstrated quarterly growth on a global basis, in nine
                                                                            registered average peak connection speeds in excess of 20
of the top 10 countries/regions, and in the United States.
                                                                            Mbps, while 49 others had average peak connection speeds
(The lone exception is Sweden, whose declining average
                                                                            in excess of 10 Mbps. In looking at the “high broadband”
connection speed was also discussed above in Section
                                                                            threshold of 5 Mbps, 55 additional countries exceeded that.
4.1.) While the quarterly increases were generally pretty
                                                                            Only six countries saw average peak connection speeds
modest, South Korea, Belgium and Monaco turned
                                                                            below 1 Mbps, and Mayotte ceded its last-place mantle
in impressive double-digit percentage growth. Extremely
                                                                            to Tonga, whose 365 Kbps average peak connection speed
impressive growth was also seen in the Maldives, which
                                                                            was just over 5x its average speed for the second quarter.
saw its average peak connection speed nearly triple
quarter-over-quarter. However, the Maldives only had



           Country/Region Q2 ‘10 Peak Mbps QoQ Change YoY Change                                                         5
      –    Global             6.8            6.4%         23%
                                                                                                                     8
      1    South Korea         38             16%         24%
                                                                                                                 7       4
      2    Hong Kong           32            7.2%         31%
      3    Japan               28            8.1%         11%                                                                    1
      4    Romania             27            7.7%         31%                                               10
      5    Latvia              20            5.3%         57%                                                                    3
      6    Maldives            20           287%         790%                     11
                                                                                                            9
      7    Belgium             19             15%         49%                                                                        2
      8    Sweden              18           -3.7%         15%                                                                6
      9    Monaco              18             25%         59%
      10   Portugal            17            5.9%         31%
      …
      11   United States       16            1.2%          18%

   Figure 7: Average Peak Connection Speed by Country/Region


                                                     © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved                                 13
SECTION 4:
Geography– Global (continued)

4.4 Global Average Peak Connection Speeds,                                                    as shown in Figure 9. At a city level, it appears that average
City View                                                                                     peak connection speeds generally increased during the
As we first did in the 1st Quarter, 2010 State of                                             second quarter, with eight cities now registering average
the Internet report, we again examine average peak                                            peak connection speeds above 40 Mbps, up from just three
connection speeds at a city level, applying “filters” for                                     cities in the first quarter. Among the balance of the top
unique IP address count (50,000 or more seen by Akamai                                        100 cities, 32 additional cities have average peak connection
in the second quarter) and academic institutions (removing                                    speeds above 30 Mbps, and the remaining 60 cities were
data from known academic networks). In addition, as with                                      all above 20 Mbps. The speed of the last city in the top
the other data sets used in Section 4 of this report, traffic                                 100 was up just about 5%, or approximately 1 Mbps,
from known mobile networks has been removed.                                                  quarter-over-quarter as well.

In looking at the distribution of average peak speeds seen                                    Cities in Asia dominated this metric as well, with the
across the top 100 cities, we found that more than two-                                       top 100 list including Hong Kong, 57 cities from Japan
thirds of the top 100 cities fell within the 20-30 Mbps range,                                and 12 from South Korea. North America charted 21 cities
as shown in the histogram in Figure 8. The largest individual                                 among the top 100, all from the United States. Monterey
cluster was between 23-24 Mbps, with 16 cities having                                         Park, CA was the United States city with the highest average
average peak connection speeds in that band.                                                  peak connection speed, measured at nearly 26 Mbps. In
                                                                                              Europe, nine cities from six countries rounded out the top
With an average peak connection speed of just over
                                                                                              100, with Constanta, Romania the European city with the
44 Mbps, up approximately 10% from last quarter,
                                                                                              highest average peak connection speed, at nearly 38 Mbps.
Masan, South Korea once again topped the list,


                        18

                        16

                        14

                        12
     Number of Cities




                        10

                        8

                        6

                        4

                        2

                        0
                             22   23   24   25   26   27   28     29     30     31      32     33     34     35        36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44
                                                                                             Mbps
     Figure 8: Distribution of Average Peak Speeds by Mbps Band




14                                                              © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Country/Region       City               Q2 ‘10 Peak Mbps                          Country/Region    City                Q2 ‘10 Peak Mbps
   1   South Korea         Masan                      44.4                        51     Japan             Kagawa                   28.2
   2   South Korea         Taegu                      44.0                        52     Japan             Tokushima                27.7
   3   Japan               Tokai                      42.3                        53     Japan             Yamaguchi                27.5
   4   Japan               Kanagawa                   42.2                        54     Germany           Baden-Baden              27.3
   5   South Korea         Poryong                    42.0                        55     Japan             Matsuyama                27.1
   6   Japan               Marunouchi                 41.8                        56     South Korea       Inchon                   27.0
   7   South Korea         Kimchon                    40.9                        57     Japan             Iwaki                    26.9
   8   South Korea         Seocho                     40.3                        58     Portugal          Coimbra                  26.8
   9   Japan               Shimotsuma                 39.7                        59     Japan             Tokyo                    26.7
  10   South Korea         Milyang                    38.2                        60     Japan             Kofu                     26.5
  11   South Korea         Ilsan                      38.2                        61     Japan             Toyama                   26.4
  12   Japan               Urawa                      38.1                        62     Japan             Kochi                    26.3
  13   Romania             Constanta                  37.7                        63     South Korea       Yongsan                  26.1
  14   Japan               Hiroshima                  36.9                        64     Japan             Osaka                    26.1
  15   South Korea         Suwon                      36.4                        65     Japan             Yamagata                 25.9
  16   South Korea         Seoul                      36.3                        66     United States     Monterey Park, CA        25.9
  17   Japan               Yokohama                   36.3                        67     United States     Everett, WA              25.7
  18   Japan               Hodogaya                   35.7                        68     United States     Olympia, WA              25.7
  19   Japan               Tochigi                    35.4                        69     United States     Bellevue, WA             25.6
  20   Japan               Usen                       35.4                        70     United States     Federal Way, WA          25.6
  21   Japan               Asahi                      35.3                        71     Japan             Okayama                  25.6
  22   South Korea         Anyang                     34.1                        72     Sweden            Umea                     25.3
  23   Romania             Iasi                       33.8                        73     Romania           Bucharest                25.3
  24   Japan               Soka                       33.8                        74     Norway            Lyse                     25.2
  25   Japan               Kobe                       33.2                        75     Japan             Okidate                  25.1
  26   Japan               Nagano                     33.2                        76     Japan             Hyogo                    24.8
  27   Japan               Kyoto                      32.6                        77     Japan             Morioka                  24.7
  28   Japan               Chiba                      32.6                        78     Japan             Kumamoto                 24.4
  29   Japan               Fukuoka                    32.3                        79     Japan             Sapporo                  24.2
  30   Japan               Nagoya                     32.2                        80     United States     Hickory, NC              24.0
  31   Japan               Ibaraki                    32.2                        81     United States     Oakland, CA              24.0
  32   Romania             Timisoara                  31.6                        82     Japan             Kagoshima                23.8
  33   Japan               Gifu                       31.5                        83     United States     Fairfield, CA            23.8
  34   Japan               Shizuoka                   30.7                        84     United States     Hayward, CA              23.6
  35   Japan               Yokkaichi                  30.7                        85     United States     Salem, OR                23.5
  36   Hong Kong           Hongkong                   30.4                        86     United States     Traverse City, MI        23.5
  37   Japan               Niho                       30.4                        87     United States     Vancouver, WA            23.4
  38   Japan               Wakayama                   30.3                        88     United States     Beaverton, OR            23.4
  39   Japan               Sendai                     30.3                        89     Japan             Akita                    23.3
  40   Japan               Kokuryo                    30.0                        90     United States     Tacoma, WA               23.3
  41   Japan               Nara                       29.9                        91     United States     Riverside, CA            23.3
  42   Japan               Niigata                    29.8                        92     United States     Boston Metro, MA         23.3
  43   Japan               Mito                       29.8                        93     United States     Fond Du Lac, WI          23.2
  44   Japan               Fukui                      29.5                        94     United States     San Jose, CA             23.1
  45   Japan               Kanazawa                   29.3                        95     Switzerland       Geneva                   23.1
  46   Japan               Utsunomiya                 29.2                        96     United States     Walnut Creek, CA         23.0
  47   Japan               Otsu                       29.2                        97     Japan             Naha                     22.9
  48   Japan               Yosida                     28.9                        98     United States     Aurora, CO               22.8
  49   Japan               Hamamatsu                  28.9                        99     Japan             Miyazaki                 22.8
  50   Japan               Hakodate                   28.8                       100     United States     Arvada, CO               22.7

Figure 9: Average Peak Connection Speed, Top Global Cities


                                                    © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved                                          15
SECTION 4:
Geography– Global (continued)

4.5 Global High Broadband Connectivity                                           represented among this aggregate set of countries, with
In the second quarter of 2010, global high broadband                             31 countries having greater than 10% high broadband
adoption continued to grow, reaching 22%. As shown                               adoption – only seven countries are included from the Asia
in Figure 10, South Korea again was the country with                             Pacific region. The overall global trends for high broadband
the highest level of high broadband adoption, with                               adoption are positive as well, with 1.6x as many countries
impressive double-digit quarterly growth to 75%,                                 showing quarterly gains as losses, and 1.7x as many
pushing it well ahead of second-place Japan, at 60%.                             countries showing yearly gains as losses.
Among the top 10 countries, strong double-digit levels
                                                                                 Data on the speed distribution of high broadband
of quarterly growth were also observed in the Nether-
                                                                                 connectivity had been presented in its own sub-section
lands, Belgium, and Moldova. Consistent with the
                                                                                 in prior reports, but will be folded into the larger high
observations in Sections 4.1 and 4.3, Sweden saw
                                                                                 broadband connectivity discussion starting with this
a significant decline in high broadband adoption in
                                                                                 edition of the State of the Internet report. In examining
the second quarter, and was the only country in the
                                                                                 the speed distributions on a global basis, as well as for
top 10 to show a yearly decline as well. The United
                                                                                 the top 10 countries, it appears that the greatest quarterly
States experienced a slight decline in the second
                                                                                 shifts occurred, in most cases, among the highest speed
quarter, though the yearly trend is still positive.
                                                                                 ‘buckets’ (20-25 Mbps and 25+ Mbps). For example,
Looking at high broadband adoption on a global                                   in the second quarter, nearly 21% of South Korea’s
basis, South Korea and Japan are the only two countries                          connections to Akamai were at speeds above 25 Mbps
where more than half of the connections to Akamai                                – nearly double the level seen in the prior quarter. Double
are at speeds greater than 5 Mbps. Beyond that, there                            digit percentage increases for this bucket were also seen
are 13 additional countries/regions where more than                              for the global figure (27% growth), as well as in the
a quarter of the connections are at high broadband                               Netherlands (12% growth), Romania (25% growth), and
rates and 22 more where one in ten connections                                   Belgium (21% growth). The United States, unfortunately,
to Akamai are faster than 5 Mbps. Europe is best


            Country/Region   % Above 5 Mbps QoQ Change      YoY Change                                    8         6
       –    Global               22%             0.7%          6.5%
                                                                                                               10
       1    South Korea          75%              12%          8.3%
                                                                                                          3             9
       2    Japan                60%             1.1%          7.6%
       3    Netherlands          49%              13%           34%                                                                   1
       4    Romania              48%             0.1%          7.5%                                                 4
       5    Hong Kong            46%            -1.0%           19%                                       7                           2
       6    Latvia               43%             4.5%           75%                     13
       7    Belgium              40%              11%           23%                                                                       5
       8    Denmark              37%            -8.5%           18%
       9    Moldova              34%              27%          101%
       10   Sweden               34%             -21%          -21%
       …
       13   United States        30%            -5.1%           3.8%

     Figure 10: High Broadband Connectivity, Fastest Countries/Regions




16                                                 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
appears to have lost some ground here in the second                            4.6 Global Broadband Connectivity
quarter, with less than 1% of connections to Akamai at                         As shown in Figure 11, the quarter-over-quarter changes
speeds over 25 Mbps, a decline of nearly 10% from the                          for global broadband connectivity were fairly minor in the
prior quarter. While the United States posted a long-term                      second quarter, with Monaco seeing the largest increase,
year-over-year decline of 15% for this metric, the picture                     at just under four percent. Broadband adoption rates in
is more positive globally and for other countries in the                       Hong Kong and Belgium remained constant from the first
top 10. Yearly growth in connections to Akamai at speeds                       quarter, while the Isle of Man and Slovakia had variances
over 25 Mbps was seen in the global figure (35% growth),                       of just one-tenth of a percent. (It is worth noting that both
as well as in eight of the top 10 countries, ranging from                      Monaco & Isle of Man recorded less than 20,000 unique
an anemic 0.8% increase in Sweden to an astonishing                            IPs for this metric, so while their broadband adoption
increase of over 700% in Moldova. (To be fair, the pool                        levels are certainly impressive, they need to be considered
of unique IP addresses from Moldova connecting to                              in that context, as other countries among the top 10 have
Akamai at high broadband speeds was much smaller                               hundreds of thousands or millions of unique IP addresses
than other countries in the top 10, so large percentage                        connecting to Akamai at speeds in excess of 2 Mbps.)
increases must be considered with that in mind.)                               With the exception of an extremely small decline in South
                                                                               Korea, broadband adoption increased year over year at
We expect that, on a global basis, as the adoption and
                                                                               a global level, for nine of the top 10 countries, and in
rollout of DOCSIS 3.0 technology by cable Internet provid-
                                                                               the United States.
ers, as well as other FTTH initiatives by telecom providers,
become more widespread the percentage of connections                           The levels of broadband adoption continue to trend ever
in these higher speed ‘buckets’ will continue to grow over                     higher overall as well, with eight countries/regions seeing
time. Ideally, the growth observed in the 25+ Mbps bucket                      adoption levels of 90% or better, and nearly three-quarters
in the second quarter across the top 10 countries, as well                     of the connections to Akamai from the United States
as a number of other countries around the world, is the                        at speeds of 2 Mbps or above. In the second quarter of
beginning of a long-term trend, and not simply a one-                          2010, 55 countries/regions had broadband adoption levels
quarter event.                                                                 in excess of 50% -- up from 50 countries/regions in the
                                                                               first quarter, and 41 countries/regions in the same period
                                                                               a year earlier.


           Country/Region   % Above 2 Mbps QoQ Change     YoY Change                                           5   9   8
      –    Global               59%             3.3%          4.1%
      1    Monaco               95%             3.8%          8.5%
                                                                                                                       10
      2    South Korea          93%             2.2%         -0.1%
                                                                                                               6
      3    Isle Of Man          93%             0.1%          5.3%                                                                  2
      4    Hong Kong            92%                –          0.7%                                             3       7
      5    Switzerland          91%            -0.2%          0.3%
      6    Belgium              91%                –          0.4%                   37
                                                                                                               1
      7    Bulgaria             91%             2.2%           14%                                                                      4
      8    Latvia               90%             1.9%           19%
      9    Czech Republic       88%             3.2%          5.2%
      10   Slovakia             88%            -0.1%          2.9%
      …
      37   United States        72%             1.2%            4.8%

    Figure 11: Broadband Connectivity, Fast Countries/Regions




                                                        © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved                                17
SECTION 4:
Geography– Global (continued)

4.7 Global Narrowband Connectivity                                                          In the second quarter, less than five percent of connections
In line with the general trends for increased broadband                                     to Akamai overall were at speeds below 256 Kbps. This was
and high broadband adoption that have been discussed                                        the case in 65 countries around the world, with South Korea
in prior sections, it appears that levels of narrowband                                     having the lowest levels of narrowband adoption, at 0.2%.
adoption dropped in many countries around the world                                         In the United States, narrowband adoption dropped 10%
during the second quarter. As shown in Figure 12, Cuba                                      in the second quarter to 2.8%, a level 33% lower than the
was the only country among the top 10 that recorded a                                       same period a year ago. Globally, over 130 countries had
quarterly increase, and an almost insignificant one at that.                                lower levels of narrowband adoption in the second quarter,
(However, this 95% narrowband adoption rate causes                                          compared with over 35 that had higher levels.
the relatively few Internet users in the country to “suf-
fer through agonizingly long waits to open an e-mail, let
alone view a photo or video,” according to the United
Nations International Telecommunications Union.9)


              Country/Region          % Below           QoQ               YoY
                                      256 Kbps         Change            Change
        –     Global                    4.6%             -13%             -12%
        1     Mayotte                   98%             -0.5%            -1.1%
                                                                                                                     3       8       10
        2     Wallis And Futuna         96%             -2.1%            -3.2%
        3     Cuba                      95%              0.1%             0.7%
        4     Madagascar                90%             -1.8%            -3.2%                                           6
        5     Vanuatu                   89%             -4.7%            -7.2%
                                                                                                118                                                5
        6     Guyana                    87%             -6.1%            -1.2%
                                                                                                                     7           1
        7     Equatorial Guinea         86%              -12%             -12%
        8     Niger                     86%             -2.7%             1.5%                                                                     2
        9     Rwanda                    83%             -9.4%             -11%                                               9   4
        10    Uzbekistan                82%             -3.4%             2.6%
        …
        119   United States             2.8%            -10%              -33%

     Figure 12: Narrowband Connectivity, Slowest Countries/Regions




     There is no broadband in Cuba and the relatively few Internet users in the
     country suffer through agonizingly long waits to open an e-mail, let alone
     view a photo or video. This also hampers government and business operations.
     [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65H3H320100618]




18                                                            © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
SECTION 5:
Geography– United States

The metrics for the United States presented here are based on a subset of the data
used for Section 4, and are subject to the same thresholds and filters discussed
within the prior section. (The subset used for this section includes connections
identified as coming from networks in the United States, based on classification
by Akamai’s EdgeScape10 geolocation tool.)
5.1 United States Average Connection Speeds                                   changes were more significant, with 11 states posting
The overall average connection speed for the United                           double digit increases, led by Alaska’s yearly growth of
States as a whole in the second quarter of 2010 was                           44%, and 34 states in total getting faster since the same
4.6 Mbps. As in the first quarter, this was exceeded by                       quarter a year ago. In fact, Alaska’s second quarter growth
22 states, including those in the top 10, as shown in                         helped it move out of being the state with the slowest
Figure 13. Both across the country and within the top                         average connection speed, ceding that dubious honor this
10, most quarterly changes were relatively minor – the                        quarter to Iowa, which had an average connection speed
biggest growth was seen in West Virginia and Rhode                            of 2.8 Mbps. (Ahead of Iowa by only a mere 96 Kbps,
Island, gaining 11% and 10% respectively, while                               it is certainly possible that Alaska could fall back to the
the biggest losses were seen in Iowa and Arizona,                             last-place slot again in the future.)
declining 11% and 10% respectively. Year-over-year


           State                    Q2 ‘10     QoQ           YoY                                                              3
                                  Avg. Mbps   Change        Change                                                        8
      1    Delaware                  7.2      -4.5%          15%                                                                              5
      2    Rhode Island              6.2        10%          16%                                                                               2
      3    New Hampshire             5.9       1.3%         -6.4%
                                                                                            6     10
      4    District Of Columbia      5.6      -5.7%         -1.1%
                                                                                       9                                                  1
      5    Massachusetts             5.5      -7.1%         -3.2%
                                                                                                                                      7
      6    Nevada                    5.5       2.4%          5.8%                                                                 4
      7    Maryland                  5.3      -5.2%         -7.0%
      8    Vermont                   5.3      -2.9%         -4.7%
      9    California                5.2      -2.3%          8.3%
      10   Utah                      5.2      -6.4%          2.1%

   Figure 13: Average Measured Connection Speed by State




                                                       © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved                                        19
SECTION 5:
Geography– United States (continued)

5.2 United States Average Connection                                           5.3 United States Average Peak
Speeds, City View                                                              Connection Speeds
As with the Global Average Connection Speeds, City                             The overall average peak connection speed calculated
View presented in Section 4.2, connections from known                          by Akamai for the United States as a whole for the second
academic networks were removed from the underlying                             quarter of 2010 was 16 Mbps. This was exceeded by 18
data set for this metric, and the 50,000 unique IP                             states and the District of Columbia, including all of those
address filter was used for this view as well.                                 in the top 10, as shown in Figure 15. For this metric, Idaho
                                                                               once again ranked lowest, with an average peak connection
In reviewing the top 10 cities in the United States
                                                                               speed of 8.9 Mbps, down nearly 5% from the first quarter.
with the highest average connection speeds, as shown
                                                                               In addition, Idaho was the only state to record an average
in Figure 14, we see that cities in California once again
                                                                               peak connection speed below 10 Mbps in the second
dominate the list, holding seven of the top 10 slots.
                                                                               quarter – in the first quarter, Wyoming and Arkansas
However, we also note that the average connection
                                                                               had done so as well.
speeds for these cities in California all suffered quarterly
declines, dropping 300-400 Kbps on average. Interesting-                       Quarterly trending of average peak connection speeds
ly, the other three cities in the top 10 list were different                   was comparatively modest, with the greatest change seen
than those included in the first quarter list – cities                         in West Virginia, which had a quarterly loss of 11%. Overall,
in Maryland, New York, and Washington were replaced                            28 states and the District of Columbia saw higher average
by cities in New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Illinois.                          peak connection speeds in the second quarter – in contrast,
                                                                               48 states and the District of Columbia saw growth in the
                                                                               first quarter. The quarterly increases were more muted as
             City                          Q2 ‘10 Avg. Mbps
        1    Monterey Park, CA                   6.9                           well, as no state saw a quarterly increase greater than 10%,
        2    Riverside, CA                       6.8                           whereas seven states exceeded this level in the first quarter.
        3    Union, NJ                           6.4                           While quarterly declines were seen in 22 states, in most of
        4    Oakland, CA                         6.4
                                                                               them, these declines amounted to a few hundred Kbps or
        5    Fairfield, CA                       6.3
        6    Walnut Creek, CA                    6.2                           less, so there does not appear to be any reason for concern
        7    Boston Metro, MA                    6.2                           here, as these variances are within reasonable ranges. The
        8    Hayward, CA                         6.2                           year-over year picture was much rosier, with no observed
        9    Mount Prospect, IL                  6.1
                                                                               yearly declines. Forty-five states and the District of Columbia
        10   San Mateo, CA                       6.1
                                                                               saw yearly growth of 10% or more, with 21 of those states
     Figure 14: Average Measured Connection Speed,                             growing 20% or more. Montana was the big gainer for this
     Top United States Cities by Speed
                                                                               metric as well, increasing its average peak connection speed
                                                                               by 45% since the second quarter of 2009. Alaska was a
                                                                               close second for yearly growth, increasing its average peak
                                                                               connection speed by 43% year-over-year.




20                                               © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
State                    Q2 ‘10     QoQ          YoY
                                  Peak Mbps   Change       Change                           8                                     10 3
      1    Delaware                  24       -5.4%          20%                                                                                      6
      2    Rhode Island              21        0.1%          23%                                                                                       2
      3    New Hampshire             21        1.1%         5.3%
      4    Hawaii                    21        2.8%          10%
                                                                                       7                                                          1
      5    District Of Columbia      20        0.9%          13%
                                                                                                                                              9
      6    Massachusetts             19       -3.1%          14%                                                                         5
      7    California                19        2.3%          27%
      8    Washington                19        4.7%          16%
      9    Maryland                  18       -0.6%          16%                            4
      10   Vermont                   18       -6.3%         9.0%

   Figure 15: Average Peak Connection Speed by State


5.4 United States Average Peak Connection                                     In looking at the complete list of qualifying cities, we once
Speeds, City View                                                             again note that there were no cities from Delaware, North
Once again, the city view of average peak connection                          Dakota, or Vermont on the list. Additionally, we observed
speeds in the United States was dominated by cities on                        that the average peak connection speeds in all of the listed
the West Coast, as illustrated in Figure 16. California                       cities exceeded 2 Mbps, though the majority of the cities
saw four cities in the top 10, as did Washington, and                         had average peak connection speeds between 10 and
one from Oregon made the list as well. Hickory, NC                            20 Mbps.
was the lone East Coast city in the top 10. In contrast
to the general quarterly declines seen in the top 10
                                                                                                City                       Q2 ‘10 Avg. Mbps
United States cities for the average connection speed                                      1    Monterey Park, CA                25.9
metric, it appears that average peak connection speeds                                     2    Everett, WA                      25.7
among the top 10 cities generally improved from the                                        3    Olympia, WA                      25.7
                                                                                           4    Bellevue, WA                     25.6
first quarter – Monterey Park was ~600 Kbps faster
                                                                                           5    Federal Way, WA                  25.6
than a quarter ago, and last quarter’s 10th place city,                                    6    Hickory, NC                      24.0
Fairfield, CA, moved up to 8th place this quarter,                                         7    Oakland, CA                      24.0
adding approximately 300 Kbps.                                                             8    Fairfield, CA                    23.8
                                                                                           9    Hayward, CA                      23.6
                                                                                           10   Salem, OR                        23.5

                                                                                    Figure 16: Average Peak Connection Speed,
                                                                                    Top United States Cities by Speed




                                                       © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved                                                21
SECTION 5:
Geography– United States (continued)

5.5 United States High Broadband Connectivity                                     Year-over-year changes were slightly more positive, with
In the second quarter of 2010, nine of the top 10 states                          27 states and the District of Columbia increasing their levels
saw lower levels of high broadband adoption than in the                           of high broadband adoption. Alaska led the pack here,
first quarter, as shown in Figure 17. The lone standout                           growing high broadband adoption by 233% over the prior
was Rhode Island, which increased high broadband adop-                            year, while South Dakota achieved a very respectable 93%
tion by more than a third quarter-over-quarter. Across                            yearly growth rate. (Both states had posted the highest yearly
the whole country, 37 states and the District of Columbia                         growth rates in the first quarter as well.) Twenty-one states
saw high broadband adoption levels decline, with North                            (including South Dakota and Alaska) increased more than
Dakota, Iowa, and Arizona each losing 20% or more.                                10% year-over-year. Of the 23 states that lost ground since
Of the 12 states that posted quarterly gains, four states                         the second quarter of 2009,14 had declines of 6% or less,
saw growth in excess of 10%, and Arkansas joined Rhode                            while five declined 20% or more.
Island with a quarterly growth rate of more than 30%.
                                                                                  Similar to section 4.5 above, data on the speed distribution
In the first quarter of 2010, we posited that the declines
                                                                                  of high broadband connectivity had been presented in its
observed may have been due, at least in part, to the
                                                                                  own sub-section in prior reports, but will be folded into the
delivery of streaming video for the 2010 Winter Olympics
                                                                                  larger high broadband connectivity discussion starting with
over the Akamai HD Network. We believe that increased
                                                                                  this edition of the State of the Internet report. In looking
second quarter consumption of long form video, such
                                                                                  at a state-level breakdown of speeds above 5 Mbps, it is
as movies and television shows, at bitrates below 5 Mbps,
                                                                                  no surprise that the largest percentage of connections falls
may have contributed to the widespread quarterly declines
                                                                                  within the 5-10 Mbps bucket, accounting for anywhere from
discussed above. As was discussed in the 1st Quarter,
                                                                                  6.3% to 55% of connections to Akamai. At the high end,
2010 State of the Internet report, Akamai plans to
                                                                                  connections to Akamai in excess of 25 Mbps account for
implement filtering of such rate-limited content, as
                                                                                  anywhere from 0.1% to just 3.2% of connections
appropriate, from future State of the Internet data sets.



             State                  % Above       QoQ            YoY                                                               2
                                    5 Mbps       Change         Change                                                       10
        1    Delaware                67%          -6.6%            45%                                                                           7
        2    New Hampshire           53%          -2.6%          -5.9%                                                                            3
        3    Rhode Island            52%            37%            47%                                                                          9
                                                                                                8                                              4
        4    New Jersey              45%          -4.8%          -5.3%
                                                                                                                                               1
        5    Maryland                44%          -5.8%          -5.0%
                                                                                                                                           5
        6    District Of Columbia    44%          -0.7%           5.3%                                                                 6
        7    Massachusetts           43%          -8.5%          -0.5%
        8    Nevada                  40%          -3.3%           8.2%
        9    Connecticut             37%           -10%          -3.3%
        10   New York                37%           -13%           -22%

     Figure 17: High Broadband Connectivity, Fastest U.S. States




22                                                   © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Akamai - State of the internet (Q2 2010)
Akamai - State of the internet (Q2 2010)
Akamai - State of the internet (Q2 2010)
Akamai - State of the internet (Q2 2010)
Akamai - State of the internet (Q2 2010)
Akamai - State of the internet (Q2 2010)
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  • 1. Volume 3, Number 2 The State of the Internet 2nd Quarter, 2010 Report
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  • 3. Executive Summary Each quarter, Akamai publishes a “State of the Internet” report. This report includes data gathered from across Akamai’s global server network about attack traffic, broadband adoption, and mobile connectivity, as well as trends seen in this data over time. Periodically, it also aggregates publicly available news and information about notable events seen throughout the quarter, including Denial of Service attacks, Web site hacks, and network events, including outages and new connections. During the second quarter of 2010, Akamai observed attack traffic originating from 200 unique countries/regions around the world. The United States was the top attack traffic source, accounting for 11% of observed attack traffic in total. China and Russia held the second and third place spots respectively, accounting for just over 20% of observed attack traffic. Attack traffic concentration was lower in the second quarter, with the top 10 ports seeing just over 86% of the observed attack traffic. Aggregated at a continental level, Europe continued to be responsible for the highest percentage of attacks seen in the second quarter. Port 445 continued to be the most highly targeted port for observed attacks, though attacks targeted at Port 23 (Telnet) and Port 22 (SSH) both grew during the second quarter. Akamai observed a 2.8% increase (from the first quarter of 2010) globally in the number of unique IP addresses connecting to Akamai’s network, pushing past the 500 million mark for the first time. From a global connection speed perspective, South Korea continued to have the highest level of “high broadband” (>5 Mbps) connectivity, with 3 of every 4 connections to Akamai at speeds above 5 Mbps. South Korea also maintained the highest average connection speed, at 17 Mbps (up from 12 Mbps in the first quarter), and recorded the highest average peak6 connection speed, at 38 Mbps, where the per-IP address peak connection speed was averaged across the IP addresses seen from each country. Cities in South Korea continued to hold many of the top spots in the rankings of highest average and average peak connection speeds by city as well. In the United States, Delaware remained in the top position, with 67% of connections to Akamai occurring at 5 Mbps or greater. Delaware also maintained the highest average connection speed in the United States, though it declined to 7.2 Mbps, and once again re- corded the highest average peak connection speed across the United States, at 24 Mbps. Monterey Park, CA was the United States city with the highest average connection speed (6.9 Mbps) and highest average peak connection speed (26 Mbps). Second quarter attack traffic from known mobile networks was more concentrated than overall observed attack traffic, with half of the observed mobile attacks coming from just the top three countries. Ports targeted by mobile attack traffic were similar to the overall port list, though a higher percentage of attacks targeting Port 445 were observed when looking at just known mobile networks. In the second quarter of 2010, average measured connection speeds on mobile network providers around the world ranged from 6.1 Mbps down to 115 Kbps – once again, both were observed on mobile providers in Slovakia. Of the 109 mobile network providers listed in the report, 95 saw average connection speeds increase in the second quarter. Average peak connection speeds on mobile providers around the world ranged from over 20 Mbps down to just over 700 Kbps. In reviewing content consumption metrics, we found that the amount of content downloaded from Akamai per month per unique IP address showed quarterly growth in 71 of 109 providers, and yearly growth in 85 of those providers.
  • 4. Table of Contents IntroductIon 5 SectIon 2: SecurIty 6 2.1 Attack Traffic, Top Originating Countries 6 2.2 Attack Traffic, Top Ports 7 SectIon 3: Internet PenetratIon 8 SectIon 4: GeoGraPhy– Global 9 4.1 Global Average Connection Speeds 10 4.2 Global Average Connection Speeds, City View 11 4.3 Global Average Peak Connection Speeds 13 4.4 Global Average Peak Connection Speeds, City View 14 4.5 Global High Broadband Connectivity 16 4.6 Global Broadband Connectivity 17 4.7 Global Narrowband Connectivity 18 SectIon 5: GeoGraPhy– unIted StateS 19 5.1 United States Average Connection Speeds 19 5.2 United States Average Connection Speeds, City View 20 5.3 United States Average Peak Connection Speeds 20 5.4 United States Average Peak Connection Speeds, City View 21 5.5 United States High Broadband Connectivity 22 5.6 United States Broadband Connectivity 23 5.7 United States Narrowband Connectivity 24 SectIon 6: MobIle 25 6.1 Attack Traffic, Top Originating Countries 25 6.2 Attack Traffic, Top Ports 26 6.3 Mobile Connection Speeds & Data Consumption 27 SectIon 7: aPPendIx 30 SectIon 8: endnoteS 31 4 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 5. Introduction Akamai’s globally distributed network of servers allows us to gather massive amounts of information on many metrics, including connection speeds, attack traffic, and network connectivity/availability/latency problems, as well as traffic patterns on leading Web sites. In the second quarter of 2010, observed attack traffic continued to target a relatively consistent set of ports, and attacks targeting port 445 continued to be responsible for a significant percentage of the observed attacks, both overall, and for attacks observed to be originating in known mobile networks. The United States was the top source of observed attack traffic, followed closely by China – in aggregate, the two countries were responsible for 22% of observed attack traffic, with the balance originating in a long tail of 198 additional countries/regions. Aggregated at a continental level, Europe was responsible for the highest percentage of observed attacks. Quarterly growth in the global observed unique IP count continued, up almost 3% from the prior quarter, with over 500 million unique IP addresses making requests to Akamai in the second quarter. Quarterly trending in global average connection speeds was mixed during the second quarter, though quarterly trending in average peak6 connection speeds was generally positive. The overall global trends for high broadband adoption were generally positive as well, with 1.6x as many countries showing quarterly gains as losses, and 1.7x as many countries showing yearly gains as losses. In looking at broadband adoption levels in the second quarter, 55 countries/regions had broadband adoption levels in excess of 50% -- up from 50 in the prior quarter, and 41 a year earlier. Rates of narrowband adoption were generally lower around the world, with less than five percent of connections to Akamai overall at speeds below 256 Kbps in the second quarter. In the United States, Delaware continued to maintain its position as the state with the strongest connection speed metrics, placing first for average connection speed (7.2 Mbps) and average peak connection speed (24 Mbps), as well as high broadband (67%) and broadband (98%) adoption. In response to the growing amount of Internet content being accessed through mobile devices such as smartphones and laptops equipped with mobile broadband connection technologies, and also in response to multiple inquiries for such data, Akamai continues to publish insights into metrics collected from connections to Akamai that have been identified as coming from networks associated with mobile providers. Second quarter attack traffic from known mobile networks was more concentrated than overall observed attack traffic, with half of the observed mobile attacks coming from just the top three countries. Ports targeted by mobile attack traffic were similar to the overall port list, though a higher percentage of attacks targeting Port 445 were observed when looking at just known mobile networks. During the second quarter of 2010, average measured connection speeds on mobile network providers around the world ranged from 6.1 Mbps, down to 115 Kbps – both were observed on mobile providers in Slovakia. Average peak connection speeds on mobile providers around the world ranged from over 20 Mbps down to just over 700 Kbps. Consumption of content from Akamai ranged from close to 15 GB per unique IP per month down to just 14 MB per unique IP per month, nearly a 1000x difference. © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5
  • 6. SECTION 2: Security Akamai maintains a distributed set of agents deployed across the Internet that serve to monitor attack traffic. Based on the data collected by these agents, Akamai is able to identify the top countries from which attack traffic originates, as well as the top ports targeted by these attacks. (Ports are network layer protocol identifiers.) This section provides insight into Internet attack traffic, as observed and measured by Akamai, during the second quarter of 2010. 2.1 Attack Traffic, Top Originating Countries geographies saw corresponding increases. Aggregating this During the second quarter of 2010, Akamai observed data over the last two years, as shown in Figure 2, illustrates attack traffic originating from 200 unique countries/ some interesting trends. Except for Africa, all of the conti- regions, up two from the prior quarter. After three nents within the graph saw their most significant changes consecutive quarters topping the list, Russia fell to third occur in the Q2-Q3 2009 time period. This may be related place, generating only 10% of observed attack traffic to the rise of the Conficker family of worms – their growth in the second quarter. As shown in Figure 1, the United in activity was covered in depth in 2009 editions of the States and China moved up to top the list, with both State of the Internet report series. Africa’s consistently low countries originating 11% of observed attack traffic contribution to the overall set of observed attacks is of little in the second quarter. Taiwan, Brazil, Italy, Germany, surprise, given the generally poor state of Internet connec- Romania, and Japan held steady from quarter-to- tivity in most countries on the African continent. (However, quarter, maintaining their placement on the top 10 it is worth noting that observed attack traffic from Africa list, while Turkey replaces Poland in 10th place. Attack more than doubled to 2% from the first quarter to the concentration among the top 10 countries continued second quarter of 2010.) During the Q2-Q3 2009 “inflection to decline, dropping to 58% in the second quarter. quarter,” Europe’s contribution nearly doubled, while the percentage of attacks observed from the Asia Pacific region Once again aggregating the observed attack traffic at a declined by nearly 40%. Similar changes were seen within continental level, we find that the percentage of attacks the Americas, where South America’s percentage more that Europe was responsible for dropped approximately than doubled during that quarter, while North America’s 11% in the second quarter to 39%, while all of the other contribution dropped by half. Country/Region % Traffic Q1 ‘10 % 7 8 10 1 United States 11% 10% 2 China 11% 9.1% 3 Russia 10% 12.0% 6 3 4 Taiwan 6.0% 6.1% 5 Brazil 6.0% 6.0% 9 6 Italy 3.0% 4.4% 2 1 7 Germany 3.0% 3.9% 4 8 Romania 3.0% 3.2% 5 9 Japan 3.0% 2.9% 10 Turkey 3.0% 1.5% – Other 42% 39% Figure 1: Attack Traffic, Top Originating Countries/Regions 6 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 7. 60% % of Observed Attacks 50% Europe 40% Asia Pacific 30% North America 20% South America 10% Africa 0% Q2 08 Q3 08 Q4 08 Q1 09 Q2 09 Q3 09 Q4 09 Q1 10 Q2 10 Figure 2: Historical Observed Attack Traffic, Aggregated by Region 2.2 Attack Traffic, Top Ports perspective, the number of actual observed attacks actually Attack traffic concentration among the top 10 targeted increased. Similar to the growth in Telnet-targeted attacks ports declined significantly quarter-over-quarter, with the noted above, this increase is in line with an increase noted2 top 10 ports responsible for just under 87% of observed by others, who reported that SSH brute-force login attempts attacks (down from just under 95% in the first quarter of appeared to be on the rise again in the second quarter. 2010). Port 445 continued to be the most targeted port, In the second quarter, Port 1080 (SOCKS Proxy) was forced though attack traffic to it declined approximately 12% from the top 10 list, replaced by newcomer Port 3389 (Mi- from the first quarter of 2010. We will continue to watch crosoft Terminal Services). In looking at the port distribution this metric going forward to determine if attacks targeted among the top 10 countries, it is interesting to note that at Port 445 are truly declining, or if this was simply a one Port 23 was among the top five targeted ports in Brazil, quarter anomaly. The growth in attacks targeted at Port Italy, Russia, and Turkey – in Turkey, it was even responsible 23 (Telnet) may be related to similar observations1 made by for nearly 2.5x the attacks targeted at Port 445. That port others, who noted an increase in unsolicited connections continued to be, far and away, the most targeted port in to that port that completed the three-way handshake and the other countries among the top 10, responsible for any- then were closed. While traffic targeted at Port 22 (SSH) where from 1.1x to 64x the number of attacks as the next declined slightly from the first quarter from a percentage most targeted port (in China and Romania respectively.) Remote Administrator 1.2% WWW 1.1% Port Port Use % Traffic Q1 ‘10 % Microsoft SQL Server 1.2% VNC Server 0.7% 445 Microsoft-DS 62% 74% NetBIOS 1.9% Microsoft Terminal Services 0.4% 23 Telnet 9.2% 2.5% Microsoft-RPC 3.0% Other 22 SSH 6.1% 6.3% 5.6% Other 135 Microsoft-RPC 3.0% 2.5% 13.6% SSH 139 NetBIOS 1.9% 3.2% 6.1% 1433 Microsoft SQL Server 1.2% 1.1% 4899 Remote Administrator 1.2% 1.5% Telnet 80 WWW 1.1% 1.7% 9.2% SSH 6.3% 5900 VNC Server 0.7% 0.9% 3389 Microsoft Terminal Services 0.4% 0.3% Various Other 13.6% – Microsoft-DS Figure 3: Attack Traffic, Top Ports 62% © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 7
  • 8. SECTION 3: Internet Penetration Through a globally-deployed server network, and by virtue of the billions of requests for Web content that it services on a daily basis, Akamai has unique visibility into the levels of Internet penetration around the world. In the second quarter of 2010, over 500 million unique IP addresses, from 236 countries/regions, connected to the Akamai network – 2.8% more IP addresses than in the first quarter of 2010, and 18% more than in the same quarter a year ago. Although we see approximately 500 million unique IP addresses, Akamai believes that it sees well over one billion Web users. This is because, in some cases, multiple individuals may be represented by a single IP address (or small number of IP addresses), as they access the World Wide Web through a firewall or proxy server. Conversely, individual users can have multiple unique IP addresses associated with them, due to their use of handheld devices, personal/home computers, business computers, Internet-connected video/gaming systems, etc. As shown in Figure 4, the top 10 countries remained the Globally, 59 countries/regions saw a quarterly decline in IP same quarter-over-quarter, though Brazil and Canada address counts in the second quarter, although just over a exchanged places, with Brazil slowly climbing the list over third of those were places where Akamai observed just tens the past several quarters. While the last several State of or hundreds of IP addresses. Concentration among the top the Internet reports have noted that the United States ten remained fairly consistent as well, accounting for ap- and Canada have accounted for approximately 40% of proximately 70% of the observed IP addresses. In looking at the observed IP addresses, it appears that growth in these the “long tail,” there were 186 countries/regions with fewer two countries may be slowing, relative to other countries than one million unique IP addresses connecting to Akamai around the world, as they accounted for a combined in the second quarter of 2010, 139 with fewer than 100,000 38% of the observed IP addresses in the second quarter. unique IP addresses, and 34 with fewer than 1,000 unique Two of the top ten countries (the United Kingdom and IP addresses. The country counts for the one million and Canada) showed quarterly declines, though each were one thousand unique IP address thresholds were up slightly less than one percent, while the remaining eight coun- quarter-over-quarter, while the 100,000 address threshold tries showed modest quarterly increases. lost only a single country. Country/Region Q2 ‘10 Unique QoQ YoY IP Addresses Change Change 6 4 – Global 501,047,374 2.8% 18% 1 United States 131,397,342 1.6% 15% 5 2 China 60,042,886 4.0% 30% 3 Japan 34,833,550 4.9% 14% 4 Germany 31,220,592 0.7% 6.9% 9 10 7 5 France 22,740,013 1.2% 13% 2 1 3 6 United Kingdom 20,042,782 -0.4% 6.6% 7 South Korea 16,795,947 0.5% 15% 8 8 Brazil 12,003,674 5.5% 19% 9 Canada 11,644,413 -0.7% 8.1% 10 Spain 11,444,687 2.0% 13% Figure 4: Unique IP Addresses Seen By Akamai 8 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 9. SECTION 4: Geography– Global By virtue of the hundreds of billions of requests for Web content that it services on a daily basis through its globally-deployed server network, Akamai has a unique level of visibility into the connection speeds of end-user systems and, consequently, of broadband adoption around the globe. Because Akamai has implemented a distributed network model, deploying servers within edge networks, it can deliver content more reliably and more consistently at those speeds, in contrast to centralized competitors that rely on fewer deployments in large data centers. For more information on why this is possible, please see Akamai’s How Will The Internet Scale? White Paper3 or the video explanation at www.akamai.com/whytheedge. The data presented within this section was collected of 50% and a Q2 value of 51% would be reflected here during the second quarter of 2010 through Akamai’s as a 2% change.) A quarter-over-quarter change is shown globally-deployed server network and includes all within the tables in several sections below in an effort countries/regions that had more than 1,000 unique to highlight general trends, and year-over-year changes IP addresses make requests to Akamai’s network during are shown to illustrate longer-term trends. the second quarter. For the purposes of classification in As the quantity of HD-quality media increases over time, this report, the “broadband” data included below is for and the consumption of that media increases, end users connections greater than 2 Mbps, and “high broadband” are likely to require ever-increasing amounts of bandwidth. is for connections of 5 Mbps or greater. (In July 2010, A connection speed of 2 Mbps is arguably sufficient for the United States Federal Communications Commission standard definition TV-quality video content, and 5 Mbps (FCC) revised its working definition of broadband from for standard-definition DVD quality video content, while services in “excess of 200 kilobits per second (kbps) Blu-Ray (1080p) video content has a maximum video bit in both directions” – a standard adopted over a decade rate of 40 Mbps, according to the Blu-Ray FAQ.5 In addition ago in the 1999 First Broadband Deployment Report to average connection speeds, we continue to report – to “service offering actual download (i.e., to the average peak6 connection speeds (formerly referred to customer) speeds of at least 4 Mbps”.4 While we have as “average maximum” connection speeds) around the not adopted this revised definition of broadband for world, from a country/region, state, and city perspective. this edition of the State of the Internet report, we may This metric can provide insight into the peak speeds that consider aligning our definition of broadband with the users can likely expect from their Internet connections. FCC’s in future editions of the report.) In contrast to the “high broadband” and “broadband” classifications, Finally, as was done last quarter as well, traffic from known the “narrowband” data included below is for connections mobile network providers will be analyzed and reviewed to Akamai slower than 256 Kbps. Note that the percent- in a separate section of the report; mobile network data age changes reflected below are not additive – they has been removed from the data set used to calculate are relative to the prior quarter(s). (That is, a Q1 value the metrics reported in the present section. © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 9
  • 10. SECTION 4: Geography– Global (continued) 4.1 Global Average Connection Speeds With traffic from known mobile networks now removed Globally, average connection speeds appeared to from the data set, it is not immediately clear what is causing rebound from the first quarter decline, increasing on these observed declines in average connection speeds. The both a quarterly and a yearly basis. In addition, as shown base data set may still include usage from mobile networks in Figure 5, South Korea posted a significant growth not yet identified, or from network providers that are mixing in the second quarter, on both a quarterly and a yearly mobile and fixed network traffic on a single autonomous basis as well. (Removal of additional mobile network system. Or, it may point to higher usage of network-reliant traffic from South Korea’s data set may have influenced applications and devices that are consuming some amount these figures.) Among the remainder of the top 10, five of network bandwidth in communicating with non- other countries/regions saw their average connection Akamai systems. speeds decline in second quarter, though three of them During the second quarter, 92 countries had average exhibited positive long-term trends, with strong year- connection speeds below 1 Mbps, four fewer than the prior over-year growth percentages. The quarterly declines quarter. Akamai measured average connection speeds below seen across those five countries/regions, along with the 100 Kbps in only three countries (Cuba, Tonga, and Mayotte) United States, were fairly modest, and are not considered in the second quarter – down from five in the first quarter, to be out of line with short-term fluctuations seen but consistent with the fourth quarter of 2009. (Note that in the past. The ongoing observed decline in Sweden’s the slowest countries often have the smallest number of average connection speed is of some concern, given unique IP addresses connecting to Akamai, so it may be the the size of the decline over the last two quarters, and case that a few more countries fell below that 1000 unique especially given the efforts to deploy high-speed IP address threshold than in the first quarter.) Mayotte con- connectivity across the country.7 tinued to be the country with the lowest average connection speed, remaining consistent at 40 Kbps. Country/Region Q2 ‘10 Avg. Mbps QoQ Change YoY Change 10 6 – Global 1.8 3.8% 6.1% 7 1 South Korea 17 38% 47% 5 4 2 Hong Kong 8.6 -4.9% 23% 3 Japan 8.0 2.1% 9.9% 1 4 Romania 6.8 7.4% 8.4% 9 5 Netherlands 6.5 8.5% 22% 3 6 Latvia 6.3 -1.0% 24% 16 8 7 Sweden 5.5 -11% -7.7% 2 8 Czech Republic 5.3 -2.9% -0.7% 9 Belgium 5.3 10% 11% 10 Denmark 5.2 -2.8% 11% … 16 United States 4.6 -1.8% 1.8% Figure 5: Average Measured Connection Speed by Country/Region 10 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 11. 4.2 Global Average Connection Speeds, fell just short, missing the 10 Mbps threshold by just City View under 1 Kbps. Umea, Sweden, had an average connection As we have done in the past three editions of the speed of 10.3 Mbps, up from 9.8 Mbps in the first quar- State of the Internet report, we again examine average ter. In North America, the fastest city was Victoria, British measured connection speeds at a city level. As we did Columbia at 7.2 Mbps, down from 7.8 Mbps in the first in the first quarter, we have applied “filters” for unique quarter. In the United States, Monterey Park, CA remained IP address count (50,000 or more seen by Akamai in the the fastest city, with an average connection speed of second quarter) and academic institutions (removing data 6.9 Mbps, down from 7.2 Mbps in the first quarter. from known academic networks). In addition, as with Cities in Asia continued to dominate the top 100 list, the other data sets used in Section 4 of this report, traffic accounting for three quarters of the top 100, as shown from known mobile networks has been removed as well. in Figure 6. This included 62 cities in Japan, and 12 cities Once again, Masan, South Korea held the title as the in South Korea, and Hong Kong. Europe accounted for city with the fastest average connection speed. Masan’s 15 cities across eight countries, with Romania ranking average speed increased by more than 5 Mbps quarter- highest with five cities in the top 100. North America over-quarter, making it the only city in the world with an accounted for the final ten, with two in Canada and average connection speed higher than 20 Mbps. Twenty the remaining eight in the United States. The span of other cities, however, achieved average connection speeds average connection speeds grew in the second quarter in excess of 10 Mbps. These cities were mostly in South as well, from 9.5 Mbps separating the first and hundredth Korea and Japan, though Europe’s fastest city (Umea, city in the first quarter to just over 14.7 Mbps separating Sweden) was in that group as well. Yokohama, Japan Masan, South Korea and Riga, Latvia in the second quarter. Cities in Asia dominate the Global Average Connection Speeds top 100 list, with 62 located in Japan, 12 more in South Korea, and Hong Kong. Ten cities from North America made it into the top 100, along with 15 cities in Europe. © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11
  • 12. SECTION 4: Geography– Global (continued) Country/Region City Q2 ‘10 Avg. Mbps Country/Region City Q2 ‘10 Avg. Mbps 1 South Korea Masan 20.9 51 Hong Kong Hong Kong 8.0 2 South Korea Taegu 19.5 52 Japan Tokyo 7.9 3 South Korea Poryong 18.9 53 Japan Niigata 7.9 4 South Korea Seocho 18.0 54 Romania Iasi 7.9 5 South Korea Kimchon 17.7 55 Japan Mito 7.9 6 South Korea Milyang 17.3 56 Japan Yamaguchi 7.9 7 South Korea Ilsan 17.1 57 Japan Kochi 7.8 8 South Korea Seoul 16.0 58 Netherlands Groningen 7.8 9 South Korea Anyang 15.3 59 Japan Kokuryo 7.8 10 South Korea Suwon 14.9 60 Japan Utsunomiya 7.7 11 Japan Shimotsuma 12.2 61 Germany Baden-Baden 7.6 12 Japan Tokai 12.2 62 Japan Yamagata 7.6 13 Japan Kanagawa 12.2 63 Japan Okayama 7.5 14 Japan Usen 11.8 64 Japan Kumamoto 7.5 15 South Korea Inchon 11.4 65 Norway Lyse 7.5 16 Japan Asahi 11.1 66 Japan Kagoshima 7.4 17 Japan Urawa 11.0 67 Romania Timisoara 7.4 18 Japan Tochigi 10.8 68 Japan Yosida 7.4 19 Japan Hiroshima 10.7 69 Japan Toyama 7.3 20 Sweden Umea 10.3 70 Japan Osaka 7.3 21 Japan Shizuoka 10.1 71 Japan Kofu 7.2 22 Japan Yokohama 10.0 72 Canada Victoria, BC 7.2 23 Japan Ibaraki 10.0 73 Japan Miyazaki 7.2 24 Japan Kyoto 9.5 74 Japan Iwaki 6.9 25 Japan Nagoya 9.4 75 Japan Tottori 6.9 26 Japan Gifu 9.2 76 United States Monterey Park, CA 6.9 27 Japan Marunouchi 9.2 77 United States Riverside, CA 6.8 28 Japan Kobe 9.2 78 Netherlands Joure 6.8 29 Japan Hyogo 9.1 79 Japan Saga 6.7 30 Japan Nara 8.9 80 Netherlands Tilburg 6.7 31 Japan Wakayama 8.8 81 Japan Oita 6.6 32 Japan Chiba 8.8 82 Japan Nagasaki 6.6 33 Japan Nagano 8.7 83 Portugal Coimbra 6.5 34 Japan Fukuoka 8.7 83 Japan Naha 6.5 35 Japan Hakodate 8.6 85 Canada Kelowna, BC 6.5 36 Japan Yokkaichi 8.6 86 Japan Otemachi 6.5 37 Japan Sendai 8.6 87 Japan Morioka 6.5 38 Japan Niho 8.5 88 Japan Okidate 6.5 39 Romania Constanta 8.5 89 Japan Akita 6.4 40 South Korea Yongsan 8.5 90 United States Union, NJ 6.4 41 Japan Otsu 8.4 91 United States Oakland, CA 6.4 42 Japan Hodogaya 8.4 92 Romania Clujnapoca 6.3 43 Japan Matsuyama 8.2 93 Romania Bucharest 6.3 44 Japan Hamamatsu 8.2 94 United States Fairfield, CA 6.3 45 Switzerland Geneva 8.2 95 United States Walnut Creek, CA 6.2 46 Japan Soka 8.1 96 United States Boston Metro, MA 6.2 47 Japan Tokushima 8.1 97 United States Hayward, CA 6.2 48 Japan Kanazawa 8.1 98 Japan Sapporo 6.1 49 Japan Kagawa 8.1 99 Netherlands Kamperland 6.1 50 Japan Fukui 8.1 100 Latvia Riga 6.1 Figure 6: Average Measured Connection Speed, Top Global Cities 12 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 13. 4.3 Global Average Peak approximately 12,000 unique IPs connecting to Akamai in Connection Speeds the second quarter, so that must be considered in compari- The average peak connection speed metric represents son to other countries/regions in the top 10, most of whom an average of the maximum measured connection had millions of unique IP addresses connecting to Akamai. speeds across all of the unique IP addresses seen by Once again, Asia led this metric, with South Korea, Hong Akamai from a particular geography. The average is Kong, and Japan taking the top three slots, with average used in order to mitigate the impact of unrepresentative peak connection speeds in excess of 30 Mbps observed maximum measured connection speeds. In contrast in South Korea and Hong Kong. European countries took to the average measured connection speed, the average six of the seven remaining top 10 slots, with the United peak connection speed metric is more representative States falling to 11th place (from 8th place in the first of what many end-user Internet connections are capable quarter). Average peak connection speeds increased year- of. (This includes the application of so-called speed over-year by at least double digit percentages globally, as boosting technologies that may be implemented within well as across the top 10 countries and the United States. the network by providers, in order to deliver faster download speeds for some larger files.) Note that In looking at the average peak speed distribution around data from known mobile networks has also been the world, only South Korea and Hong Kong exceeded removed from the source data set for this metric. 30 Mbps – it appears that the aggressive pricing for 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps connections in Hong Kong8 may As shown in Figure 7, average peak connection speeds be seeing commercial success. Four more countries/regions demonstrated quarterly growth on a global basis, in nine registered average peak connection speeds in excess of 20 of the top 10 countries/regions, and in the United States. Mbps, while 49 others had average peak connection speeds (The lone exception is Sweden, whose declining average in excess of 10 Mbps. In looking at the “high broadband” connection speed was also discussed above in Section threshold of 5 Mbps, 55 additional countries exceeded that. 4.1.) While the quarterly increases were generally pretty Only six countries saw average peak connection speeds modest, South Korea, Belgium and Monaco turned below 1 Mbps, and Mayotte ceded its last-place mantle in impressive double-digit percentage growth. Extremely to Tonga, whose 365 Kbps average peak connection speed impressive growth was also seen in the Maldives, which was just over 5x its average speed for the second quarter. saw its average peak connection speed nearly triple quarter-over-quarter. However, the Maldives only had Country/Region Q2 ‘10 Peak Mbps QoQ Change YoY Change 5 – Global 6.8 6.4% 23% 8 1 South Korea 38 16% 24% 7 4 2 Hong Kong 32 7.2% 31% 3 Japan 28 8.1% 11% 1 4 Romania 27 7.7% 31% 10 5 Latvia 20 5.3% 57% 3 6 Maldives 20 287% 790% 11 9 7 Belgium 19 15% 49% 2 8 Sweden 18 -3.7% 15% 6 9 Monaco 18 25% 59% 10 Portugal 17 5.9% 31% … 11 United States 16 1.2% 18% Figure 7: Average Peak Connection Speed by Country/Region © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 13
  • 14. SECTION 4: Geography– Global (continued) 4.4 Global Average Peak Connection Speeds, as shown in Figure 9. At a city level, it appears that average City View peak connection speeds generally increased during the As we first did in the 1st Quarter, 2010 State of second quarter, with eight cities now registering average the Internet report, we again examine average peak peak connection speeds above 40 Mbps, up from just three connection speeds at a city level, applying “filters” for cities in the first quarter. Among the balance of the top unique IP address count (50,000 or more seen by Akamai 100 cities, 32 additional cities have average peak connection in the second quarter) and academic institutions (removing speeds above 30 Mbps, and the remaining 60 cities were data from known academic networks). In addition, as with all above 20 Mbps. The speed of the last city in the top the other data sets used in Section 4 of this report, traffic 100 was up just about 5%, or approximately 1 Mbps, from known mobile networks has been removed. quarter-over-quarter as well. In looking at the distribution of average peak speeds seen Cities in Asia dominated this metric as well, with the across the top 100 cities, we found that more than two- top 100 list including Hong Kong, 57 cities from Japan thirds of the top 100 cities fell within the 20-30 Mbps range, and 12 from South Korea. North America charted 21 cities as shown in the histogram in Figure 8. The largest individual among the top 100, all from the United States. Monterey cluster was between 23-24 Mbps, with 16 cities having Park, CA was the United States city with the highest average average peak connection speeds in that band. peak connection speed, measured at nearly 26 Mbps. In Europe, nine cities from six countries rounded out the top With an average peak connection speed of just over 100, with Constanta, Romania the European city with the 44 Mbps, up approximately 10% from last quarter, highest average peak connection speed, at nearly 38 Mbps. Masan, South Korea once again topped the list, 18 16 14 12 Number of Cities 10 8 6 4 2 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Mbps Figure 8: Distribution of Average Peak Speeds by Mbps Band 14 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 15. Country/Region City Q2 ‘10 Peak Mbps Country/Region City Q2 ‘10 Peak Mbps 1 South Korea Masan 44.4 51 Japan Kagawa 28.2 2 South Korea Taegu 44.0 52 Japan Tokushima 27.7 3 Japan Tokai 42.3 53 Japan Yamaguchi 27.5 4 Japan Kanagawa 42.2 54 Germany Baden-Baden 27.3 5 South Korea Poryong 42.0 55 Japan Matsuyama 27.1 6 Japan Marunouchi 41.8 56 South Korea Inchon 27.0 7 South Korea Kimchon 40.9 57 Japan Iwaki 26.9 8 South Korea Seocho 40.3 58 Portugal Coimbra 26.8 9 Japan Shimotsuma 39.7 59 Japan Tokyo 26.7 10 South Korea Milyang 38.2 60 Japan Kofu 26.5 11 South Korea Ilsan 38.2 61 Japan Toyama 26.4 12 Japan Urawa 38.1 62 Japan Kochi 26.3 13 Romania Constanta 37.7 63 South Korea Yongsan 26.1 14 Japan Hiroshima 36.9 64 Japan Osaka 26.1 15 South Korea Suwon 36.4 65 Japan Yamagata 25.9 16 South Korea Seoul 36.3 66 United States Monterey Park, CA 25.9 17 Japan Yokohama 36.3 67 United States Everett, WA 25.7 18 Japan Hodogaya 35.7 68 United States Olympia, WA 25.7 19 Japan Tochigi 35.4 69 United States Bellevue, WA 25.6 20 Japan Usen 35.4 70 United States Federal Way, WA 25.6 21 Japan Asahi 35.3 71 Japan Okayama 25.6 22 South Korea Anyang 34.1 72 Sweden Umea 25.3 23 Romania Iasi 33.8 73 Romania Bucharest 25.3 24 Japan Soka 33.8 74 Norway Lyse 25.2 25 Japan Kobe 33.2 75 Japan Okidate 25.1 26 Japan Nagano 33.2 76 Japan Hyogo 24.8 27 Japan Kyoto 32.6 77 Japan Morioka 24.7 28 Japan Chiba 32.6 78 Japan Kumamoto 24.4 29 Japan Fukuoka 32.3 79 Japan Sapporo 24.2 30 Japan Nagoya 32.2 80 United States Hickory, NC 24.0 31 Japan Ibaraki 32.2 81 United States Oakland, CA 24.0 32 Romania Timisoara 31.6 82 Japan Kagoshima 23.8 33 Japan Gifu 31.5 83 United States Fairfield, CA 23.8 34 Japan Shizuoka 30.7 84 United States Hayward, CA 23.6 35 Japan Yokkaichi 30.7 85 United States Salem, OR 23.5 36 Hong Kong Hongkong 30.4 86 United States Traverse City, MI 23.5 37 Japan Niho 30.4 87 United States Vancouver, WA 23.4 38 Japan Wakayama 30.3 88 United States Beaverton, OR 23.4 39 Japan Sendai 30.3 89 Japan Akita 23.3 40 Japan Kokuryo 30.0 90 United States Tacoma, WA 23.3 41 Japan Nara 29.9 91 United States Riverside, CA 23.3 42 Japan Niigata 29.8 92 United States Boston Metro, MA 23.3 43 Japan Mito 29.8 93 United States Fond Du Lac, WI 23.2 44 Japan Fukui 29.5 94 United States San Jose, CA 23.1 45 Japan Kanazawa 29.3 95 Switzerland Geneva 23.1 46 Japan Utsunomiya 29.2 96 United States Walnut Creek, CA 23.0 47 Japan Otsu 29.2 97 Japan Naha 22.9 48 Japan Yosida 28.9 98 United States Aurora, CO 22.8 49 Japan Hamamatsu 28.9 99 Japan Miyazaki 22.8 50 Japan Hakodate 28.8 100 United States Arvada, CO 22.7 Figure 9: Average Peak Connection Speed, Top Global Cities © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 15
  • 16. SECTION 4: Geography– Global (continued) 4.5 Global High Broadband Connectivity represented among this aggregate set of countries, with In the second quarter of 2010, global high broadband 31 countries having greater than 10% high broadband adoption continued to grow, reaching 22%. As shown adoption – only seven countries are included from the Asia in Figure 10, South Korea again was the country with Pacific region. The overall global trends for high broadband the highest level of high broadband adoption, with adoption are positive as well, with 1.6x as many countries impressive double-digit quarterly growth to 75%, showing quarterly gains as losses, and 1.7x as many pushing it well ahead of second-place Japan, at 60%. countries showing yearly gains as losses. Among the top 10 countries, strong double-digit levels Data on the speed distribution of high broadband of quarterly growth were also observed in the Nether- connectivity had been presented in its own sub-section lands, Belgium, and Moldova. Consistent with the in prior reports, but will be folded into the larger high observations in Sections 4.1 and 4.3, Sweden saw broadband connectivity discussion starting with this a significant decline in high broadband adoption in edition of the State of the Internet report. In examining the second quarter, and was the only country in the the speed distributions on a global basis, as well as for top 10 to show a yearly decline as well. The United the top 10 countries, it appears that the greatest quarterly States experienced a slight decline in the second shifts occurred, in most cases, among the highest speed quarter, though the yearly trend is still positive. ‘buckets’ (20-25 Mbps and 25+ Mbps). For example, Looking at high broadband adoption on a global in the second quarter, nearly 21% of South Korea’s basis, South Korea and Japan are the only two countries connections to Akamai were at speeds above 25 Mbps where more than half of the connections to Akamai – nearly double the level seen in the prior quarter. Double are at speeds greater than 5 Mbps. Beyond that, there digit percentage increases for this bucket were also seen are 13 additional countries/regions where more than for the global figure (27% growth), as well as in the a quarter of the connections are at high broadband Netherlands (12% growth), Romania (25% growth), and rates and 22 more where one in ten connections Belgium (21% growth). The United States, unfortunately, to Akamai are faster than 5 Mbps. Europe is best Country/Region % Above 5 Mbps QoQ Change YoY Change 8 6 – Global 22% 0.7% 6.5% 10 1 South Korea 75% 12% 8.3% 3 9 2 Japan 60% 1.1% 7.6% 3 Netherlands 49% 13% 34% 1 4 Romania 48% 0.1% 7.5% 4 5 Hong Kong 46% -1.0% 19% 7 2 6 Latvia 43% 4.5% 75% 13 7 Belgium 40% 11% 23% 5 8 Denmark 37% -8.5% 18% 9 Moldova 34% 27% 101% 10 Sweden 34% -21% -21% … 13 United States 30% -5.1% 3.8% Figure 10: High Broadband Connectivity, Fastest Countries/Regions 16 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 17. appears to have lost some ground here in the second 4.6 Global Broadband Connectivity quarter, with less than 1% of connections to Akamai at As shown in Figure 11, the quarter-over-quarter changes speeds over 25 Mbps, a decline of nearly 10% from the for global broadband connectivity were fairly minor in the prior quarter. While the United States posted a long-term second quarter, with Monaco seeing the largest increase, year-over-year decline of 15% for this metric, the picture at just under four percent. Broadband adoption rates in is more positive globally and for other countries in the Hong Kong and Belgium remained constant from the first top 10. Yearly growth in connections to Akamai at speeds quarter, while the Isle of Man and Slovakia had variances over 25 Mbps was seen in the global figure (35% growth), of just one-tenth of a percent. (It is worth noting that both as well as in eight of the top 10 countries, ranging from Monaco & Isle of Man recorded less than 20,000 unique an anemic 0.8% increase in Sweden to an astonishing IPs for this metric, so while their broadband adoption increase of over 700% in Moldova. (To be fair, the pool levels are certainly impressive, they need to be considered of unique IP addresses from Moldova connecting to in that context, as other countries among the top 10 have Akamai at high broadband speeds was much smaller hundreds of thousands or millions of unique IP addresses than other countries in the top 10, so large percentage connecting to Akamai at speeds in excess of 2 Mbps.) increases must be considered with that in mind.) With the exception of an extremely small decline in South Korea, broadband adoption increased year over year at We expect that, on a global basis, as the adoption and a global level, for nine of the top 10 countries, and in rollout of DOCSIS 3.0 technology by cable Internet provid- the United States. ers, as well as other FTTH initiatives by telecom providers, become more widespread the percentage of connections The levels of broadband adoption continue to trend ever in these higher speed ‘buckets’ will continue to grow over higher overall as well, with eight countries/regions seeing time. Ideally, the growth observed in the 25+ Mbps bucket adoption levels of 90% or better, and nearly three-quarters in the second quarter across the top 10 countries, as well of the connections to Akamai from the United States as a number of other countries around the world, is the at speeds of 2 Mbps or above. In the second quarter of beginning of a long-term trend, and not simply a one- 2010, 55 countries/regions had broadband adoption levels quarter event. in excess of 50% -- up from 50 countries/regions in the first quarter, and 41 countries/regions in the same period a year earlier. Country/Region % Above 2 Mbps QoQ Change YoY Change 5 9 8 – Global 59% 3.3% 4.1% 1 Monaco 95% 3.8% 8.5% 10 2 South Korea 93% 2.2% -0.1% 6 3 Isle Of Man 93% 0.1% 5.3% 2 4 Hong Kong 92% – 0.7% 3 7 5 Switzerland 91% -0.2% 0.3% 6 Belgium 91% – 0.4% 37 1 7 Bulgaria 91% 2.2% 14% 4 8 Latvia 90% 1.9% 19% 9 Czech Republic 88% 3.2% 5.2% 10 Slovakia 88% -0.1% 2.9% … 37 United States 72% 1.2% 4.8% Figure 11: Broadband Connectivity, Fast Countries/Regions © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 17
  • 18. SECTION 4: Geography– Global (continued) 4.7 Global Narrowband Connectivity In the second quarter, less than five percent of connections In line with the general trends for increased broadband to Akamai overall were at speeds below 256 Kbps. This was and high broadband adoption that have been discussed the case in 65 countries around the world, with South Korea in prior sections, it appears that levels of narrowband having the lowest levels of narrowband adoption, at 0.2%. adoption dropped in many countries around the world In the United States, narrowband adoption dropped 10% during the second quarter. As shown in Figure 12, Cuba in the second quarter to 2.8%, a level 33% lower than the was the only country among the top 10 that recorded a same period a year ago. Globally, over 130 countries had quarterly increase, and an almost insignificant one at that. lower levels of narrowband adoption in the second quarter, (However, this 95% narrowband adoption rate causes compared with over 35 that had higher levels. the relatively few Internet users in the country to “suf- fer through agonizingly long waits to open an e-mail, let alone view a photo or video,” according to the United Nations International Telecommunications Union.9) Country/Region % Below QoQ YoY 256 Kbps Change Change – Global 4.6% -13% -12% 1 Mayotte 98% -0.5% -1.1% 3 8 10 2 Wallis And Futuna 96% -2.1% -3.2% 3 Cuba 95% 0.1% 0.7% 4 Madagascar 90% -1.8% -3.2% 6 5 Vanuatu 89% -4.7% -7.2% 118 5 6 Guyana 87% -6.1% -1.2% 7 1 7 Equatorial Guinea 86% -12% -12% 8 Niger 86% -2.7% 1.5% 2 9 Rwanda 83% -9.4% -11% 9 4 10 Uzbekistan 82% -3.4% 2.6% … 119 United States 2.8% -10% -33% Figure 12: Narrowband Connectivity, Slowest Countries/Regions There is no broadband in Cuba and the relatively few Internet users in the country suffer through agonizingly long waits to open an e-mail, let alone view a photo or video. This also hampers government and business operations. [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE65H3H320100618] 18 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 19. SECTION 5: Geography– United States The metrics for the United States presented here are based on a subset of the data used for Section 4, and are subject to the same thresholds and filters discussed within the prior section. (The subset used for this section includes connections identified as coming from networks in the United States, based on classification by Akamai’s EdgeScape10 geolocation tool.) 5.1 United States Average Connection Speeds changes were more significant, with 11 states posting The overall average connection speed for the United double digit increases, led by Alaska’s yearly growth of States as a whole in the second quarter of 2010 was 44%, and 34 states in total getting faster since the same 4.6 Mbps. As in the first quarter, this was exceeded by quarter a year ago. In fact, Alaska’s second quarter growth 22 states, including those in the top 10, as shown in helped it move out of being the state with the slowest Figure 13. Both across the country and within the top average connection speed, ceding that dubious honor this 10, most quarterly changes were relatively minor – the quarter to Iowa, which had an average connection speed biggest growth was seen in West Virginia and Rhode of 2.8 Mbps. (Ahead of Iowa by only a mere 96 Kbps, Island, gaining 11% and 10% respectively, while it is certainly possible that Alaska could fall back to the the biggest losses were seen in Iowa and Arizona, last-place slot again in the future.) declining 11% and 10% respectively. Year-over-year State Q2 ‘10 QoQ YoY 3 Avg. Mbps Change Change 8 1 Delaware 7.2 -4.5% 15% 5 2 Rhode Island 6.2 10% 16% 2 3 New Hampshire 5.9 1.3% -6.4% 6 10 4 District Of Columbia 5.6 -5.7% -1.1% 9 1 5 Massachusetts 5.5 -7.1% -3.2% 7 6 Nevada 5.5 2.4% 5.8% 4 7 Maryland 5.3 -5.2% -7.0% 8 Vermont 5.3 -2.9% -4.7% 9 California 5.2 -2.3% 8.3% 10 Utah 5.2 -6.4% 2.1% Figure 13: Average Measured Connection Speed by State © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 19
  • 20. SECTION 5: Geography– United States (continued) 5.2 United States Average Connection 5.3 United States Average Peak Speeds, City View Connection Speeds As with the Global Average Connection Speeds, City The overall average peak connection speed calculated View presented in Section 4.2, connections from known by Akamai for the United States as a whole for the second academic networks were removed from the underlying quarter of 2010 was 16 Mbps. This was exceeded by 18 data set for this metric, and the 50,000 unique IP states and the District of Columbia, including all of those address filter was used for this view as well. in the top 10, as shown in Figure 15. For this metric, Idaho once again ranked lowest, with an average peak connection In reviewing the top 10 cities in the United States speed of 8.9 Mbps, down nearly 5% from the first quarter. with the highest average connection speeds, as shown In addition, Idaho was the only state to record an average in Figure 14, we see that cities in California once again peak connection speed below 10 Mbps in the second dominate the list, holding seven of the top 10 slots. quarter – in the first quarter, Wyoming and Arkansas However, we also note that the average connection had done so as well. speeds for these cities in California all suffered quarterly declines, dropping 300-400 Kbps on average. Interesting- Quarterly trending of average peak connection speeds ly, the other three cities in the top 10 list were different was comparatively modest, with the greatest change seen than those included in the first quarter list – cities in West Virginia, which had a quarterly loss of 11%. Overall, in Maryland, New York, and Washington were replaced 28 states and the District of Columbia saw higher average by cities in New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Illinois. peak connection speeds in the second quarter – in contrast, 48 states and the District of Columbia saw growth in the first quarter. The quarterly increases were more muted as City Q2 ‘10 Avg. Mbps 1 Monterey Park, CA 6.9 well, as no state saw a quarterly increase greater than 10%, 2 Riverside, CA 6.8 whereas seven states exceeded this level in the first quarter. 3 Union, NJ 6.4 While quarterly declines were seen in 22 states, in most of 4 Oakland, CA 6.4 them, these declines amounted to a few hundred Kbps or 5 Fairfield, CA 6.3 6 Walnut Creek, CA 6.2 less, so there does not appear to be any reason for concern 7 Boston Metro, MA 6.2 here, as these variances are within reasonable ranges. The 8 Hayward, CA 6.2 year-over year picture was much rosier, with no observed 9 Mount Prospect, IL 6.1 yearly declines. Forty-five states and the District of Columbia 10 San Mateo, CA 6.1 saw yearly growth of 10% or more, with 21 of those states Figure 14: Average Measured Connection Speed, growing 20% or more. Montana was the big gainer for this Top United States Cities by Speed metric as well, increasing its average peak connection speed by 45% since the second quarter of 2009. Alaska was a close second for yearly growth, increasing its average peak connection speed by 43% year-over-year. 20 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 21. State Q2 ‘10 QoQ YoY Peak Mbps Change Change 8 10 3 1 Delaware 24 -5.4% 20% 6 2 Rhode Island 21 0.1% 23% 2 3 New Hampshire 21 1.1% 5.3% 4 Hawaii 21 2.8% 10% 7 1 5 District Of Columbia 20 0.9% 13% 9 6 Massachusetts 19 -3.1% 14% 5 7 California 19 2.3% 27% 8 Washington 19 4.7% 16% 9 Maryland 18 -0.6% 16% 4 10 Vermont 18 -6.3% 9.0% Figure 15: Average Peak Connection Speed by State 5.4 United States Average Peak Connection In looking at the complete list of qualifying cities, we once Speeds, City View again note that there were no cities from Delaware, North Once again, the city view of average peak connection Dakota, or Vermont on the list. Additionally, we observed speeds in the United States was dominated by cities on that the average peak connection speeds in all of the listed the West Coast, as illustrated in Figure 16. California cities exceeded 2 Mbps, though the majority of the cities saw four cities in the top 10, as did Washington, and had average peak connection speeds between 10 and one from Oregon made the list as well. Hickory, NC 20 Mbps. was the lone East Coast city in the top 10. In contrast to the general quarterly declines seen in the top 10 City Q2 ‘10 Avg. Mbps United States cities for the average connection speed 1 Monterey Park, CA 25.9 metric, it appears that average peak connection speeds 2 Everett, WA 25.7 among the top 10 cities generally improved from the 3 Olympia, WA 25.7 4 Bellevue, WA 25.6 first quarter – Monterey Park was ~600 Kbps faster 5 Federal Way, WA 25.6 than a quarter ago, and last quarter’s 10th place city, 6 Hickory, NC 24.0 Fairfield, CA, moved up to 8th place this quarter, 7 Oakland, CA 24.0 adding approximately 300 Kbps. 8 Fairfield, CA 23.8 9 Hayward, CA 23.6 10 Salem, OR 23.5 Figure 16: Average Peak Connection Speed, Top United States Cities by Speed © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved 21
  • 22. SECTION 5: Geography– United States (continued) 5.5 United States High Broadband Connectivity Year-over-year changes were slightly more positive, with In the second quarter of 2010, nine of the top 10 states 27 states and the District of Columbia increasing their levels saw lower levels of high broadband adoption than in the of high broadband adoption. Alaska led the pack here, first quarter, as shown in Figure 17. The lone standout growing high broadband adoption by 233% over the prior was Rhode Island, which increased high broadband adop- year, while South Dakota achieved a very respectable 93% tion by more than a third quarter-over-quarter. Across yearly growth rate. (Both states had posted the highest yearly the whole country, 37 states and the District of Columbia growth rates in the first quarter as well.) Twenty-one states saw high broadband adoption levels decline, with North (including South Dakota and Alaska) increased more than Dakota, Iowa, and Arizona each losing 20% or more. 10% year-over-year. Of the 23 states that lost ground since Of the 12 states that posted quarterly gains, four states the second quarter of 2009,14 had declines of 6% or less, saw growth in excess of 10%, and Arkansas joined Rhode while five declined 20% or more. Island with a quarterly growth rate of more than 30%. Similar to section 4.5 above, data on the speed distribution In the first quarter of 2010, we posited that the declines of high broadband connectivity had been presented in its observed may have been due, at least in part, to the own sub-section in prior reports, but will be folded into the delivery of streaming video for the 2010 Winter Olympics larger high broadband connectivity discussion starting with over the Akamai HD Network. We believe that increased this edition of the State of the Internet report. In looking second quarter consumption of long form video, such at a state-level breakdown of speeds above 5 Mbps, it is as movies and television shows, at bitrates below 5 Mbps, no surprise that the largest percentage of connections falls may have contributed to the widespread quarterly declines within the 5-10 Mbps bucket, accounting for anywhere from discussed above. As was discussed in the 1st Quarter, 6.3% to 55% of connections to Akamai. At the high end, 2010 State of the Internet report, Akamai plans to connections to Akamai in excess of 25 Mbps account for implement filtering of such rate-limited content, as anywhere from 0.1% to just 3.2% of connections appropriate, from future State of the Internet data sets. State % Above QoQ YoY 2 5 Mbps Change Change 10 1 Delaware 67% -6.6% 45% 7 2 New Hampshire 53% -2.6% -5.9% 3 3 Rhode Island 52% 37% 47% 9 8 4 4 New Jersey 45% -4.8% -5.3% 1 5 Maryland 44% -5.8% -5.0% 5 6 District Of Columbia 44% -0.7% 5.3% 6 7 Massachusetts 43% -8.5% -0.5% 8 Nevada 40% -3.3% 8.2% 9 Connecticut 37% -10% -3.3% 10 New York 37% -13% -22% Figure 17: High Broadband Connectivity, Fastest U.S. States 22 © 2010 Akamai Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved